ManiFPT: Defining and Analyzing Fingerprints of Generative Models
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Recent works have shown that generative models leave traces of their underlying generative process on the generated samples, broadly referred to as fingerprints of a generative model, and have studied their utility in detecting synthetic images from real ones. However, the extend to which these fingerprints can distinguish between various types of synthetic image and help identify the underlying generative process remain under-explored. In particular, the very definition of a fingerprint remains unclear, to our knowledge. To that end, in this work, we formalize the definition of artifact and fingerprint in generative models, propose an algorithm for computing them in practice, and finally study its effectiveness in distinguishing a large array of different generative models. We find that using our proposed definition can significantly improve the performance on the task of identifying the underlying generative process from samples (model attribution) compared to existing methods. Additionally, we study the structure of the fingerprints, and observe that it is very predictive of the effect of different design choices on the generative process.
Key facts. Cited by 18 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 50 of its 68 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 Feb 2024.
Builds on
50 of 68 references.
References · 50
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
- 2020Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 20,851
- 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 18,694
- 2020Score-Based Generative Modeling through Stochastic Differential Equationscited by 8,964
- 2018A Style-Based Generator Architecture for Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 5,986
- 2015Rethinking the Inception Architecture for Computer Visioncited by 5,451
- 2014Deep Learning Face Attributes in the Wildcited by 3,679
- 2019Analyzing and Improving the Image Quality of StyleGANcited by 3,580
- 2020Taming Transformers for High-Resolution Image Synthesiscited by 3,229
- 2017Progressive Growing of GANs for Improved Quality, Stability, and Variationcited by 2,967
- 2018Large Scale GAN Training for High Fidelity Natural Image Synthesiscited by 2,609
- 2017Improved Training of Wasserstein GANscited by 2,223
38 more
- 2021Barlow Twins: Self-Supervised Learning via Redundancy Reductioncited by 1,818
- 2018Glow: Generative Flow with Invertible 1x1 Convolutionscited by 1,539
- 2021Alias-Free Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 1,181
- 2019FaceForensics++: Learning to Detect Manipulated Facial Imagescited by 1,095
- 2016Least Squares Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 1,000
- 2019Improved Precision and Recall Metric for Assessing Generative Modelscited by 925
- 2019CNN-generated images are surprisingly easy to spot... for nowcited by 842
- 2020NVAE: A Deep Hierarchical Variational Autoencodercited by 635
- 2021Score-based Generative Modeling in Latent Spacecited by 634
- 2020Thinking in Frequency: Face Forgery Detection by Mining Frequency-aware Cluescited by 518
- 2021Tackling the Generative Learning Trilemma with Denoising Diffusion GANscited by 515
- 2020Leveraging Frequency Analysis for Deep Fake Image Recognitioncited by 501
- 2018Assessing Generative Models via Precision and Recallcited by 401
- 2020Watch your Up-Convolution: CNN Based Generative Deep Neural Networks are Failing to Reproduce Spectral Distributionscited by 278
- 2019Residual Flows for Invertible Generative Modelingcited by 256
- 2018Do GANs leave artificial fingerprints?cited by 188
- 2020Adversarial Latent Autoencoderscited by 155
- 2021StyleSwin: Transformer-based GAN for High-resolution Image Generationcited by 152
- 2019Fourier Spectrum Discrepancies in Deep Network Generated Imagescited by 138
- 2018Two-Stream Neural Networks for Tampered Face Detectioncited by 125
- 2019Detecting GAN generated Fake Images using Co-occurrence Matricescited by 124
- 2018ForensicTransfer: Weakly-supervised Domain Adaptation for Forgery Detectioncited by 104
- 2020VAEBM: A Symbiosis between Variational Autoencoders and Energy-based Modelscited by 103
- 2019Deep Learning for Deepfakes Creation and Detection: A Surveycited by 102
- 2021Soft Truncation: A Universal Training Technique of Score-based Diffusion Model for High Precision Score Estimationcited by 95
- 2020DeepFake Detection by Analyzing Convolutional Tracescited by 81
- 2018Detecting GAN-generated Imagery using Color Cuescited by 75
- 2021A Closer Look at Fourier Spectrum Discrepancies for CNN-generated Images Detectioncited by 68
- 2021On the Frequency Bias of Generative Modelscited by 60
- 2019Incremental learning for the detection and classification of GAN-generated imagescited by 58
- 2021Reverse Engineering of Generative Models: Inferring Model Hyperparameters from Generated Imagescited by 58
- 2020Face Forgery Detection by 3D Decompositioncited by 53
- 2021Fighting deepfakes by detecting GAN DCT anomaliescited by 39
- 2019MaCow: Masked Convolutional Generative Flowcited by 32
- 2021Copyright in Generative Deep Learningcited by 29
- 2022Efficient-VDVAE: Less is morecited by 26
- 2021DeepfakeUCL: Deepfake Detection via Unsupervised Contrastive Learningcited by 20
- 2022Detecting High-Quality GAN-Generated Face Images using Neural Networkscited by 3
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 3; 2025: 7; 2026: 8.
18 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2024Can Large Language Models Unlock Novel Scientific Research Ideas?cited by 24
- 2024A Survey of Defenses Against AI-Generated Visual Media: Detection,Disruption, and Authenticationcited by 12
- 2025Riemannian-Geometric Fingerprints of Generative Modelscited by 7
- 2025SPRINT: Robust Model Attribution of Generated Images via Secret Pixel Reconstructioncited by 4
- 2026Attribution as Retrieval: Model-Agnostic AI-Generated Image Attributioncited by 3
- 2025Smudged Fingerprints: A Systematic Evaluation of the Robustness of AI Image Fingerprintscited by 2
- 2025Few-Shot Class-Incremental Model Attribution Using Learnable Representation From CLIP-ViT Featurescited by 1
- 2025Causal Fingerprints of AI Generative Modelscited by 1
- 2025ActiveMark: on watermarking of visual foundation models via massive activationscited by 1
- 2026Behavioral Consistency and Transparency Analysis on Large Language Model API Gatewayscited by 1
- 2024PromptLA: Towards Integrity Verification of Black-box Text-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 0
- 2025Detecting AI-Generated Images via Diffusion Snap-Back Reconstruction: A Forensic Approachcited by 0
6 more
- 2026Identifying Models Behind Text-to-Image Leaderboardscited by 0
- 2026RandMark: On Random Watermarking of Visual Foundation Modelscited by 0
- 2026Who Generated This 3D Asset? Learning Source Attribution for Generative 3D Modelscited by 0
- 2026FiSeR: Fine-Grained Source Representations for Cross-Domain AI Image Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Scalable Black-Box Model Attribution for Imagescited by 0
- 2026Can Pixels Alone Reveal Image Origin? Minimax Limits and Learnable Interfaces for Passive Provenancecited by 0
- 2026Can Pixels Alone Reveal Image Origin? Minimax Limits and Learnable Interfaces for Passive Provenance25 Sep 2026
- 2026Scalable Black-Box Model Attribution for Images16 Aug 2026
- 2026FiSeR: Fine-Grained Source Representations for Cross-Domain AI Image Detection30 May 2026
- 2026Who Generated This 3D Asset? Learning Source Attribution for Generative 3D Models18 May 2026
- 2026Behavioral Consistency and Transparency Analysis on Large Language Model API Gateways22 Apr 2026
- 2026RandMark: On Random Watermarking of Visual Foundation Models11 Mar 2026
- 2026Attribution as Retrieval: Model-Agnostic AI-Generated Image Attribution11 Mar 2026
- 2026Identifying Models Behind Text-to-Image Leaderboards14 Jan 2026
- 2025Smudged Fingerprints: A Systematic Evaluation of the Robustness of AI Image Fingerprints12 Dec 2025
- 2025Detecting AI-Generated Images via Diffusion Snap-Back Reconstruction: A Forensic Approach1 Nov 2025
- 2025ActiveMark: on watermarking of visual foundation models via massive activations6 Oct 2025
- 2025Causal Fingerprints of AI Generative Models18 Sep 2025
6 more
- 2025SPRINT: Robust Model Attribution of Generated Images via Secret Pixel Reconstruction6 Aug 2025
- 2025Riemannian-Geometric Fingerprints of Generative Models28 Jun 2025
- 2025Few-Shot Class-Incremental Model Attribution Using Learnable Representation From CLIP-ViT Features11 Mar 2025
- 2024PromptLA: Towards Integrity Verification of Black-box Text-to-Image Diffusion Models20 Dec 2024
- 2024Can Large Language Models Unlock Novel Scientific Research Ideas?10 Sep 2024
- 2024A Survey of Defenses Against AI-Generated Visual Media: Detection,Disruption, and Authentication15 Jul 2024
- 2024Can Large Language Models Unlock Novel Scientific Research Ideas?cited by 24
- 2024A Survey of Defenses Against AI-Generated Visual Media: Detection,Disruption, and Authenticationcited by 12
- 2025Riemannian-Geometric Fingerprints of Generative Modelscited by 7
- 2025SPRINT: Robust Model Attribution of Generated Images via Secret Pixel Reconstructioncited by 4
- 2026Attribution as Retrieval: Model-Agnostic AI-Generated Image Attributioncited by 3
- 2025Smudged Fingerprints: A Systematic Evaluation of the Robustness of AI Image Fingerprintscited by 2
- 2025Few-Shot Class-Incremental Model Attribution Using Learnable Representation From CLIP-ViT Featurescited by 1
- 2025Causal Fingerprints of AI Generative Modelscited by 1
- 2026Behavioral Consistency and Transparency Analysis on Large Language Model API Gatewayscited by 1
- 2026Identifying Models Behind Text-to-Image Leaderboardscited by 0
- 2026Who Generated This 3D Asset? Learning Source Attribution for Generative 3D Modelscited by 0
- 2026FiSeR: Fine-Grained Source Representations for Cross-Domain AI Image Detectioncited by 0
12 most cited of 14 All 14 (JSON)
- 2026Can Pixels Alone Reveal Image Origin? Minimax Limits and Learnable Interfaces for Passive Provenance25 Sep 2026
- 2026Scalable Black-Box Model Attribution for Images16 Aug 2026
- 2026FiSeR: Fine-Grained Source Representations for Cross-Domain AI Image Detection30 May 2026
- 2026Who Generated This 3D Asset? Learning Source Attribution for Generative 3D Models18 May 2026
- 2026Behavioral Consistency and Transparency Analysis on Large Language Model API Gateways22 Apr 2026
- 2026Attribution as Retrieval: Model-Agnostic AI-Generated Image Attribution11 Mar 2026
- 2026Identifying Models Behind Text-to-Image Leaderboards14 Jan 2026
- 2025Smudged Fingerprints: A Systematic Evaluation of the Robustness of AI Image Fingerprints12 Dec 2025
- 2025Causal Fingerprints of AI Generative Models18 Sep 2025
- 2025SPRINT: Robust Model Attribution of Generated Images via Secret Pixel Reconstruction6 Aug 2025
- 2025Riemannian-Geometric Fingerprints of Generative Models28 Jun 2025
- 2025Few-Shot Class-Incremental Model Attribution Using Learnable Representation From CLIP-ViT Features11 Mar 2025
12 newest of 14 All 14 (JSON)