mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

ManiFPT: Defining and Analyzing Fingerprints of Generative Models

arXiv 2402.10401 ↗First posted 16 Feb 2024cs.LG cs.CVcited by 18

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Abstract (arXiv)

Recent works have shown that generative models leave traces of their underlying generative process on the generated samples, broadly referred to as fingerprints of a generative model, and have studied their utility in detecting synthetic images from real ones. However, the extend to which these fingerprints can distinguish between various types of synthetic image and help identify the underlying generative process remain under-explored. In particular, the very definition of a fingerprint remains unclear, to our knowledge. To that end, in this work, we formalize the definition of artifact and fingerprint in generative models, propose an algorithm for computing them in practice, and finally study its effectiveness in distinguishing a large array of different generative models. We find that using our proposed definition can significantly improve the performance on the task of identifying the underlying generative process from samples (model attribution) compared to existing methods. Additionally, we study the structure of the fingerprints, and observe that it is very predictive of the effect of different design choices on the generative process.

Key facts. Cited by 18 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 50 of its 68 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 Feb 2024.

Builds on

50 of 68 references.

References · 50

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  2. 2020Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 20,851
  3. 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 18,694
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38 more
  1. 2021Barlow Twins: Self-Supervised Learning via Redundancy Reductioncited by 1,818
  2. 2018Glow: Generative Flow with Invertible 1x1 Convolutionscited by 1,539
  3. 2021Alias-Free Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 1,181
  4. 2019FaceForensics++: Learning to Detect Manipulated Facial Imagescited by 1,095
  5. 2016Least Squares Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 1,000
  6. 2019Improved Precision and Recall Metric for Assessing Generative Modelscited by 925
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  11. 2021Tackling the Generative Learning Trilemma with Denoising Diffusion GANscited by 515
  12. 2020Leveraging Frequency Analysis for Deep Fake Image Recognitioncited by 501
  13. 2018Assessing Generative Models via Precision and Recallcited by 401
  14. 2020Watch your Up-Convolution: CNN Based Generative Deep Neural Networks are Failing to Reproduce Spectral Distributionscited by 278
  15. 2019Residual Flows for Invertible Generative Modelingcited by 256
  16. 2018Do GANs leave artificial fingerprints?cited by 188
  17. 2020Adversarial Latent Autoencoderscited by 155
  18. 2021StyleSwin: Transformer-based GAN for High-resolution Image Generationcited by 152
  19. 2019Fourier Spectrum Discrepancies in Deep Network Generated Imagescited by 138
  20. 2018Two-Stream Neural Networks for Tampered Face Detectioncited by 125
  21. 2019Detecting GAN generated Fake Images using Co-occurrence Matricescited by 124
  22. 2018ForensicTransfer: Weakly-supervised Domain Adaptation for Forgery Detectioncited by 104
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  29. 2021On the Frequency Bias of Generative Modelscited by 60
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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 3; 2025: 7; 2026: 8.

18 papers.

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  1. 2024Can Large Language Models Unlock Novel Scientific Research Ideas?cited by 24
  2. 2024A Survey of Defenses Against AI-Generated Visual Media: Detection,Disruption, and Authenticationcited by 12
  3. 2025Riemannian-Geometric Fingerprints of Generative Modelscited by 7
  4. 2025SPRINT: Robust Model Attribution of Generated Images via Secret Pixel Reconstructioncited by 4
  5. 2026Attribution as Retrieval: Model-Agnostic AI-Generated Image Attributioncited by 3
  6. 2025Smudged Fingerprints: A Systematic Evaluation of the Robustness of AI Image Fingerprintscited by 2
  7. 2025Few-Shot Class-Incremental Model Attribution Using Learnable Representation From CLIP-ViT Featurescited by 1
  8. 2025Causal Fingerprints of AI Generative Modelscited by 1
  9. 2025ActiveMark: on watermarking of visual foundation models via massive activationscited by 1
  10. 2026Behavioral Consistency and Transparency Analysis on Large Language Model API Gatewayscited by 1
  11. 2024PromptLA: Towards Integrity Verification of Black-box Text-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 0
  12. 2025Detecting AI-Generated Images via Diffusion Snap-Back Reconstruction: A Forensic Approachcited by 0
6 more
  1. 2026Identifying Models Behind Text-to-Image Leaderboardscited by 0
  2. 2026RandMark: On Random Watermarking of Visual Foundation Modelscited by 0
  3. 2026Who Generated This 3D Asset? Learning Source Attribution for Generative 3D Modelscited by 0
  4. 2026FiSeR: Fine-Grained Source Representations for Cross-Domain AI Image Detectioncited by 0
  5. 2026Scalable Black-Box Model Attribution for Imagescited by 0
  6. 2026Can Pixels Alone Reveal Image Origin? Minimax Limits and Learnable Interfaces for Passive Provenancecited by 0