AutoEnvScaling: Automating the Data Flywheel with Terminal Agents
On the map: LLM agents and tool use → Software engineering coding agents
Abstract (arXiv)
Terminal agents solve tasks in software engineering and scientific research by executing commands in a terminal. Training them via reinforcement learning (RL) requires diverse and verifiable environments, but these environments are still mostly designed by human researchers, so their supply grows only as fast as researchers can work. We introduce AutoEnvScaling, which treats environment design as a terminal task and uses agents to automate the data flywheel. A proposer agent builds new RL environments from the rollouts of the solver being trained, and the solver's new rollouts guide the next round. By turning environment generation into a terminal task, AutoEnvScaling increases the valid-environment rate by up to 25 times compared to prompt-only generation, at up to 75% lower cost per valid environment. We show that training Qwen3.5-35B-A3B on AutoEnvScaling environments from GPT-5.6-sol improves its Terminal-Bench 2.1 score by 4.3 points over the matched Tmax baseline. The broader goal of AutoEnvScaling is to enable recursive self-improvement (RSI): by making both environment generation and solving terminal tasks, it lets one model co-evolve in both roles. We show that Qwen3.6-35B-A3B, acting in both roles, gains 12.2 points on Terminal-Bench 2.1 and raises its Terminal-Bench 4.0 score from 1.6 to 3.2. The pipeline also generalizes across agentic domains, generating environments for software engineering, computer use, professional work, and GPU kernel programming. Overall, these results show a path toward agents building their own training environments, reducing human reliance and taking a core step toward RSI.
Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Software engineering coding agents, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 48 of its 61 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 Oct 2026.
Builds on
48 of 61 references.
Closest ancestors · 4
Same direction, newest first
- 2026Harness Handbook: Making Evolving Agent Harnesses Readable,Navigable, and Editable14 Jul
- 2026Self-Harness: Harnesses That Improve Themselves8 Jun
- 2026Continual Harness: Online Adaptation for Self-Improving Foundation Agents11 May
- 2025Toward Training Superintelligent Software Agents through Self-Play SWE-RL21 Dec
Other references · 44
- 2023SWE-bench: Can Language Models Resolve Real-World GitHub Issues?cited by 3,373
- 2025DAPO: An Open-Source LLM Reinforcement Learning System at Scalecited by 2,810
- 2025Search-R1: Training LLMs to Reason and Leverage Search Engines with Reinforcement Learningcited by 1,444
- 2026Terminal-Bench: Benchmarking Agents on Hard, Realistic Tasks in Command Line Interfacescited by 585
- 2024Automated Design of Agentic Systemscited by 407
- 2025RAGEN: Understanding Self-Evolution in LLM Agents via Multi-Turn Reinforcement Learningcited by 386
- 2025Darwin Godel Machine: Open-Ended Evolution of Self-Improving Agentscited by 356
- 2025Absolute Zero: Reinforced Self-play Reasoning with Zero Datacited by 344
- 2026Meta-Harness: End-to-End Optimization of Model Harnessescited by 309
- 2020Emergent Complexity and Zero-shot Transfer via Unsupervised Environment Designcited by 275
- 2025SWE-RL: Advancing LLM Reasoning via Reinforcement Learning on Open Software Evolutioncited by 263
- 2025R-Zero: Self-Evolving Reasoning LLM from Zero Datacited by 228
32 more
- 2025KernelBench: Can LLMs Write Efficient GPU Kernels?cited by 225
- 2025An Illusion of Progress? Assessing the Current State of Web Agentscited by 174
- 2025SPIRAL: Self-Play on Zero-Sum Games Incentivizes Reasoning via Multi-Agent Multi-Turn Reinforcement Learningcited by 100
- 2025The Tool Decathlon: Benchmarking Language Agents for Diverse, Realistic, and Long-Horizon Task Executioncited by 85
- 2025SPICE: Self-Play In Corpus Environments Improves Reasoningcited by 83
- 2025CyberGym: Evaluating AI Agents' Real-World Cybersecurity Capabilities at Scalecited by 78
- 2025Agent0: Unleashing Self-Evolving Agents from Zero Data via Tool-Integrated Reasoningcited by 75
- 2026Agent World Model: Infinity Synthetic Environments for Agentic Reinforcement Learningcited by 66
- 2025Self-Challenging Language Model Agentscited by 59
- 2026Endless Terminals: Scaling RL Environments for Terminal Agentscited by 54
- 2025RLVE: Scaling Up Reinforcement Learning for Language Models with Adaptive Verifiable Environmentscited by 50
- 2026OSWorld 2.0: Benchmarking Computer Use Agents on Long-Horizon Real-World Taskscited by 40
- 2026Rethinking the Trust Region in LLM Reinforcement Learningcited by 37
- 2026Tmax: A simple recipe for terminal agentscited by 33
- 2026ScaleEnv: Scaling Environment Synthesis from Scratch for Generalist Interactive Tool-Use Agent Trainingcited by 32
- 2026TermiGen: High-Fidelity Environment and Robust Trajectory Synthesis for Terminal Agentscited by 29
- 2026Towards Execution-Grounded Automated AI Researchcited by 28
- 2026InfiniteWeb: Scalable Web Environment Synthesis for GUI Agent Trainingcited by 27
- 2026Gym-Anything: Turn any Software into an Agent Environmentcited by 27
- 2026HiL-Bench (Human-in-Loop Benchmark): Do Agents Know When to Ask for Help?cited by 27
- 2026FlashInfer-Bench: Building the Virtuous Cycle for AI-driven LLM Systemscited by 25
- 2026Terminal-World: Scaling Terminal-Agent Environments via Agent Skillscited by 20
- 2026Recursive Synthesis for Long-Horizon Terminal Taskscited by 19
- 2026Autodata: An agentic data scientist to create high quality synthetic datacited by 16
- 2026SETA: Scaling Environments for Terminal Agentscited by 12
- 2026SPADE: Self-Play in Adaptive Synthetic Executable Environmentscited by 12
- 2026GPT-Red: Automated Red Teaming via Self-Play at Scalecited by 8
- 2026CalibForge: Adversarial Solver Calibration for Scaling Learnable Terminal Taskscited by 8
- 2026Terminal-Universe: Turning Agent Trajectories into Scalable Terminal Environmentscited by 8
- 2026T1: Terminal Agent Reinforcement Learning for Long-Horizon Taskscited by 7
- 2026One Frozen Simulator Is Not Enough: Simulator Collapse in Multi-Agent RLcited by 6
- 2026Envs-FORGE: Frontier-Optimized Reward-Grounded Environment Synthesis for Agent RLcited by 4
Built on by
Not cited yet.
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2026Scaling Agentic Data for Long-Horizon Terminal Intelligence
- 2026AutoCompact: Learning When to Compact Context in Long-Horizon Coding Agents
- 2026Breaking the Solver Bottleneck: Training Task Generators at the Learnable Frontier
- 2026EnvFactory: Scaling Tool-Use Agents via Executable Environments Synthesis and Robust RL
- 2026Meta-Task: Turning Terminal Task Synthesis into a Terminal Task for Scalable Agent Training
- 2025Reinforcement Learning for Machine Learning Engineering Agents
- 2026SWE-MiniSandbox: Container-Free Reinforcement Learning for Building Software Engineering Agents
- 2025AutoEnv: Automated Environments for Measuring Cross-Environment Agent Learning