HorizonBench: Long-Horizon Personalization with Evolving Preferences
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Abstract (arXiv)
User preferences evolve across months of interaction, and tracking them requires inferring when a stated preference has been changed by a subsequent life event. We define this problem as long-horizon personalization and observe that progress on it is limited by data availability and measurement, with no existing resource providing both naturalistic long-horizon interactions and the ground-truth provenance needed to diagnose why models fail. We introduce a data generator that produces conversations from a structured mental state graph, yielding ground-truth provenance for every preference change across 6-month timelines, and from it construct HorizonBench, a benchmark of 4,245 items from 360 simulated users with 6-month conversation histories averaging ~4,300 turns and ~163K tokens. HorizonBench provides a testbed for long-context modeling, memory-augmented architectures, theory-of-mind reasoning, and user modeling. Across 25 frontier models, the best model reaches 52.8% and most score at or below the 20% chance baseline. When these models err on evolved preferences, over a third of the time they select the user's originally stated value without tracking the updated user state. This belief-update failure persists across context lengths and expression explicitness levels, identifying state-tracking capability as the primary bottleneck for long-horizon personalization.
Key facts. Cited by 17 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 23 of its 27 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Apr 2026.
Builds on
23 of 27 references.
References · 23
- 2023Generative Agents: Interactive Simulacra of Human Behaviorcited by 3,568
- 2024Evaluating Very Long-Term Conversational Memory of LLM Agentscited by 830
- 2024LongMemEval: Benchmarking Chat Assistants on Long-Term Interactive Memorycited by 707
- 2023LaMP: When Large Language Models Meet Personalizationcited by 437
- 2024Knowledge Conflicts for LLMs: A Surveycited by 283
- 2025Know Me, Respond to Me: Benchmarking LLMs for Dynamic User Profiling and Personalized Responses at Scalecited by 178
- 2025Do LLMs Recognize Your Preferences? Evaluating Personalized Preference Following in LLMscited by 148
- 2025PersonaMem-v2: Towards Personalized Intelligence via Learning Implicit User Personas and Agentic Memorycited by 88
- 2025MemBench: Towards More Comprehensive Evaluation on the Memory of LLM-based Agentscited by 84
- 2024Evaluating Large Language Models as Generative User Simulators for Conversational Recommendationcited by 48
- 2025PersonaLens: A Benchmark for Personalization Evaluation in Conversational AI Assistantscited by 48
- 2025ChatBench: From Static Benchmarks to Human-AI Evaluationcited by 34
11 more
- 2024AI PERSONA: Towards Life-long Personalization of LLMscited by 32
- 2025PersonaBench: Evaluating AI Models on Understanding Personal Information through Accessing (Synthetic) Private User Datacited by 27
- 2024Reliable LLM-based User Simulator for Task-Oriented Dialogue Systemscited by 25
- 2025Toward Multi-Session Personalized Conversation: A Large-Scale Dataset and Hierarchical Tree Framework for Implicit Reasoningcited by 21
- 2025PrefPalette: Personalized Preference Modeling with Latent Attributescited by 16
- 2025PersonaFeedback: A Large-scale Human-annotated Benchmark For Personalizationcited by 15
- 2024A LLM-based Controllable, Scalable, Human-Involved User Simulator Framework for Conversational Recommender Systemscited by 13
- 2026Towards Natural Personalization: Evaluating Long-Horizon Preference Following in Personalized User-LLM Interactionscited by 10
- 2026BenchPreS: A Benchmark for Context-Aware Personalized Preference Selectivity of Persistent-Memory LLMscited by 10
- 2025PrefDisco: Benchmarking Proactive Personalized Reasoningcited by 7
- 2026Beyond Fixed Psychological Personas: State Beats Trait, but Language Models are State-Blindcited by 4
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Citing papers per year: 2026: 17.
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- 2026Beyond Similarity: Trustworthy Memory Search for Personal AI Agentscited by 12
- 2026EvoArena: Tracking Memory Evolution for Robust LLM Agents in Dynamic Environmentscited by 9
- 2026MINTEval: Evaluating Memory under Multi-Target Interference in Long-Horizon Agent Systemscited by 5
- 2026MemTrace: Probing What Final Accuracy Misses in Long-Term Memorycited by 4
- 2026Best Friends, Not Forever: Evaluating Long-Horizon Persona Collapse and Behavioral Drift in AI Companionscited by 2
- 2026When Users Don't Ask: Benchmarking Context-Driven Memory Retrieval in Conversational Agentscited by 2
- 2026Synthetic Computers at Scale for Long-Horizon Productivity Simulationcited by 1
- 2026PHASE-Tree: Modeling Character-State Evolution in Long-Horizon Role-Playing Dialoguecited by 1
- 2026Hypotheses-Guided Self Distillation for Continual Personalizationcited by 1
- 2026Mind2Dialogue: Training Human-Aware Language Models by Simulating User Mental Statescited by 1
- 2026Beyond Oracle Communication: Benchmarking Interactive Intent Alignment Under Miscommunication and Evolving User Intentcited by 1
- 2026Recall Isn't Enough: Bounding Commitments in Personalized Language Systemscited by 0
5 more
- 2026REDDIT: Forgetting-Resistant Correction of Timestamp Drift in ASR via Replay-Based Distribution Editingcited by 0
- 2026CAPTURE: Disentangling Preference Drift from Memory Poisoning in Personalized LLM Agentscited by 0
- 2026SCLATE: a Substrate for Continual-Learning Agent Training and Evaluationcited by 0
- 2026RealCompanion: Benchmarking Human Understanding from Reasoning over Longitudinal Real-World Conversationscited by 0
- 2026AgentMemGate: Addressing Speculation Contamination in Conversational Assistant Memorycited by 0
- 2026AgentMemGate: Addressing Speculation Contamination in Conversational Assistant Memory6 Oct 2026
- 2026RealCompanion: Benchmarking Human Understanding from Reasoning over Longitudinal Real-World Conversations1 Oct 2026
- 2026Beyond Oracle Communication: Benchmarking Interactive Intent Alignment Under Miscommunication and Evolving User Intent29 Sep 2026
- 2026SCLATE: a Substrate for Continual-Learning Agent Training and Evaluation26 Sep 2026
- 2026Mind2Dialogue: Training Human-Aware Language Models by Simulating User Mental States14 Sep 2026
- 2026When Users Don't Ask: Benchmarking Context-Driven Memory Retrieval in Conversational Agents3 Sep 2026
- 2026CAPTURE: Disentangling Preference Drift from Memory Poisoning in Personalized LLM Agents2 Sep 2026
- 2026Hypotheses-Guided Self Distillation for Continual Personalization31 Aug 2026
- 2026PHASE-Tree: Modeling Character-State Evolution in Long-Horizon Role-Playing Dialogue7 Aug 2026
- 2026Best Friends, Not Forever: Evaluating Long-Horizon Persona Collapse and Behavioral Drift in AI Companions30 Jul 2026
- 2026REDDIT: Forgetting-Resistant Correction of Timestamp Drift in ASR via Replay-Based Distribution Editing6 Jul 2026
- 2026MemTrace: Probing What Final Accuracy Misses in Long-Term Memory15 Jun 2026
5 more
- 2026EvoArena: Tracking Memory Evolution for Robust LLM Agents in Dynamic Environments11 Jun 2026
- 2026Beyond Similarity: Trustworthy Memory Search for Personal AI Agents4 Jun 2026
- 2026MINTEval: Evaluating Memory under Multi-Target Interference in Long-Horizon Agent Systems18 May 2026
- 2026Recall Isn't Enough: Bounding Commitments in Personalized Language Systems15 May 2026
- 2026Synthetic Computers at Scale for Long-Horizon Productivity Simulation30 Apr 2026
- 2026Beyond Similarity: Trustworthy Memory Search for Personal AI Agentscited by 12
- 2026EvoArena: Tracking Memory Evolution for Robust LLM Agents in Dynamic Environmentscited by 9
- 2026MINTEval: Evaluating Memory under Multi-Target Interference in Long-Horizon Agent Systemscited by 5
- 2026MemTrace: Probing What Final Accuracy Misses in Long-Term Memorycited by 4
- 2026When Users Don't Ask: Benchmarking Context-Driven Memory Retrieval in Conversational Agentscited by 2
- 2026Beyond Oracle Communication: Benchmarking Interactive Intent Alignment Under Miscommunication and Evolving User Intentcited by 1
- 2026CAPTURE: Disentangling Preference Drift from Memory Poisoning in Personalized LLM Agentscited by 0
- 2026Beyond Oracle Communication: Benchmarking Interactive Intent Alignment Under Miscommunication and Evolving User Intent29 Sep 2026
- 2026When Users Don't Ask: Benchmarking Context-Driven Memory Retrieval in Conversational Agents3 Sep 2026
- 2026CAPTURE: Disentangling Preference Drift from Memory Poisoning in Personalized LLM Agents2 Sep 2026
- 2026MemTrace: Probing What Final Accuracy Misses in Long-Term Memory15 Jun 2026
- 2026EvoArena: Tracking Memory Evolution for Robust LLM Agents in Dynamic Environments11 Jun 2026
- 2026Beyond Similarity: Trustworthy Memory Search for Personal AI Agents4 Jun 2026
- 2026MINTEval: Evaluating Memory under Multi-Target Interference in Long-Horizon Agent Systems18 May 2026
- 2026Best Friends, Not Forever: Evaluating Long-Horizon Persona Collapse and Behavioral Drift in AI Companionscited by 2
- 2026Synthetic Computers at Scale for Long-Horizon Productivity Simulationcited by 1
- 2026PHASE-Tree: Modeling Character-State Evolution in Long-Horizon Role-Playing Dialoguecited by 1
- 2026Mind2Dialogue: Training Human-Aware Language Models by Simulating User Mental Statescited by 1
- 2026Recall Isn't Enough: Bounding Commitments in Personalized Language Systemscited by 0
- 2026REDDIT: Forgetting-Resistant Correction of Timestamp Drift in ASR via Replay-Based Distribution Editingcited by 0
- 2026SCLATE: a Substrate for Continual-Learning Agent Training and Evaluationcited by 0
- 2026RealCompanion: Benchmarking Human Understanding from Reasoning over Longitudinal Real-World Conversationscited by 0
- 2026AgentMemGate: Addressing Speculation Contamination in Conversational Assistant Memorycited by 0
- 2026AgentMemGate: Addressing Speculation Contamination in Conversational Assistant Memory6 Oct 2026
- 2026RealCompanion: Benchmarking Human Understanding from Reasoning over Longitudinal Real-World Conversations1 Oct 2026
- 2026SCLATE: a Substrate for Continual-Learning Agent Training and Evaluation26 Sep 2026
- 2026Mind2Dialogue: Training Human-Aware Language Models by Simulating User Mental States14 Sep 2026
- 2026PHASE-Tree: Modeling Character-State Evolution in Long-Horizon Role-Playing Dialogue7 Aug 2026
- 2026Best Friends, Not Forever: Evaluating Long-Horizon Persona Collapse and Behavioral Drift in AI Companions30 Jul 2026
- 2026REDDIT: Forgetting-Resistant Correction of Timestamp Drift in ASR via Replay-Based Distribution Editing6 Jul 2026
- 2026Recall Isn't Enough: Bounding Commitments in Personalized Language Systems15 May 2026
- 2026Synthetic Computers at Scale for Long-Horizon Productivity Simulation30 Apr 2026