mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

CLI-Gym: Scalable CLI Task Generation via Agentic Environment Inversion

arXiv 2602.10999 ↗First posted 11 Feb 2026cs.AIcited by 23

On the map: LLM agents and tool use → Software engineering coding agents

Abstract (arXiv)

Agentic coding requires agents to effectively interact with runtime environments, e.g., command line interfaces (CLI), so as to complete tasks like resolving dependency issues, fixing system problems, etc. But it remains underexplored how such environment-intensive tasks can be obtained at scale to enhance agents' capabilities. To address this, based on an analogy between the Dockerfile and the agentic task, we propose to employ agents to simulate and explore environment histories, guided by execution feedback. By tracing histories of a healthy environment, its state can be inverted to an earlier one with runtime failures, from which a task can be derived by packing the buggy state and the corresponding error messages. With our method, named CLI-Gym, a total of 1,655 environment-intensive tasks are derived, being the largest collection of its kind. Moreover, with curated successful trajectories, our fine-tuned model, named LiberCoder, achieves substantial absolute improvements of +21.1% (to 46.1%) on Terminal-Bench, outperforming various strong baselines. To our knowledge, this is the first public pipeline for scalable derivation of environment-intensive tasks.

Key facts. Cited by 23 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Software engineering coding agents, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 13 of its 25 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Feb 2026.

Builds on

13 of 25 references.

Closest ancestors · 5

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2025The OpenHands Software Agent SDK: A Composable and Extensible Foundation for Production Agents5 Nov
  2. 2025SWE-smith: Scaling Data for Software Engineering Agents30 Apr
  3. 2025R2E-Gym: Procedural Environments and Hybrid Verifiers for Scaling Open-Weights SWE Agents9 Apr
  4. 2024Training Software Engineering Agents and Verifiers with SWE-Gym30 Dec
  5. 2024Large Language Model-Based Agents for Software Engineering: A Survey4 Sep

Other references · 8

  1. 2025Qwen3 Technical Reportcited by 8,820
  2. 2025Gemini 2.5: Pushing the Frontier with Advanced Reasoning, Multimodality, Long Context, and Next Generation Agentic Capabilitiescited by 3,796
  3. 2023SWE-bench: Can Language Models Resolve Real-World GitHub Issues?cited by 3,373
  4. 2025gpt-oss-120b & gpt-oss-20b Model Cardcited by 1,386
  5. 2025OpenAI GPT-5 System Cardcited by 989
  6. 2026Terminal-Bench: Benchmarking Agents on Hard, Realistic Tasks in Command Line Interfacescited by 585
  7. 2025Kimi K2: Open Agentic Intelligencecited by 567
  8. 2025SWE-Dev: Evaluating and Training Autonomous Feature-Driven Software Developmentcited by 16

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2026: 23.

23 papers.

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By area:

  1. 2026Tmax: A simple recipe for terminal agentscited by 33
  2. 2026Toward Scalable Terminal Task Synthesis via Skill Graphscited by 22
  3. 2026Failure as a Process: An Anatomy of CLI Coding Agent Trajectoriescited by 13
  4. 2026CLI-Universe: Towards Verifiable Task Synthesis Engine for Terminal Agentscited by 12
  5. 2026TerminalWorld: Benchmarking Agents on Real-World Terminal Taskscited by 10
  6. 2026What Makes Interaction Trajectories Effective for Training Terminal Agents?cited by 9
  7. 2026KAT-Coder-V2 Technical Reportcited by 8
  8. 2026Agentic Environment Engineering for Large Language Models: A Survey of Environment Modeling, Synthesis, Evaluation, and Applicationcited by 8
  9. 2026CalibForge: Adversarial Solver Calibration for Scaling Learnable Terminal Taskscited by 8
  10. 2026Terminal-Universe: Turning Agent Trajectories into Scalable Terminal Environmentscited by 8
  11. 2026T1: Terminal Agent Reinforcement Learning for Long-Horizon Taskscited by 7
  12. 2026Bridging the Agent-World Gap: Text World Models for LLM-based Agentscited by 5
11 more
  1. 2026Meta-Task: Turning Terminal Task Synthesis into a Terminal Task for Scalable Agent Trainingcited by 4
  2. 2026Envs-FORGE: Frontier-Optimized Reward-Grounded Environment Synthesis for Agent RLcited by 4
  3. 2026Learning Generalizable Behaviors for Terminal Agentscited by 2
  4. 2026Claw-Anything: Benchmarking Always-On Personal Assistants with Broader Access to User's Digital Worldcited by 1
  5. 2026ISE: An Execution-Grounded Recipe for Multi-Turn OS-Agent Trajectoriescited by 1
  6. 2026Agentic Code Review in the Terminal: A Trajectory-Level Analysis of Behavior, Cost, and Human-Alignmentcited by 1
  7. 2026Terminal Agents: A Survey of AI Agents in Command-Line Environmentscited by 1
  8. 2026Skill2Env: Capability-Oriented Environment Synthesis from Skills for General Agentscited by 0
  9. 2026Scaling Agentic Data for Long-Horizon Terminal Intelligencecited by 0
  10. 2026WorkBorne: Discovering Agentic Tasks from Real-World Artifact Transitionscited by 0
  11. 2026Tev: Scaling Long-Horizon Agentic Environments with Dense Progress Rewardscited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2026DockSmith: Scaling Reliable Coding Environments via an Agentic Docker Builder
  2. 2026Learning CLI Agents with Structured Action Credit under Selective Observation
  3. 2026Matching Matters: A Fair Quality-Efficiency Benchmark for Command-Line Agents
  4. 2026LongCLI-Bench: A Preliminary Benchmark and Study for Long-horizon Agentic Programming in Command-Line Interfaces
  5. 2026Terminal-World: Scaling Terminal-Agent Environments via Agent Skills
  6. 2026Dockerless: Environment-Free Program Verifier for Coding Agents
  7. 2026SWE-World: Building Software Engineering Agents in Docker-Free Environments
  8. 2026CodeMidas: Scaling Agentic Coding RL Environments from Code Itself