mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Aligning LLMs for Multilingual Consistency in Enterprise Applications

arXiv 2509.23659 ↗First posted 28 Sep 2025cs.CL cs.AIcited by 11

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

Large language models (LLMs) remain unreliable for global enterprise applications due to substantial performance gaps between high-resource and mid/low-resource languages, driven by English-centric pretraining and internal reasoning biases. This inconsistency undermines customer experience and operational reliability in multilingual settings such as customer support, content moderation, and information retrieval. Even with advanced Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems, we observe up to an 29% accuracy drop in non-English languages compared to English. We propose a practical, batch-wise alignment strategy for fine-tuning LLMs, leveraging semantically equivalent multilingual data in each training batch to directly align model outputs across languages. This approach improves non-English accuracy by up to 23.9% without compromising English performance, model reasoning, or retrieval quality. Our method is simple to implement, scalable, and integrates seamlessly with existing LLM training & deployment pipelines, enabling more robust and equitable multilingual AI solutions in industry.

Key facts. Cited by 11 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 46 of its 72 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 28 Sep 2025.

Builds on

46 of 72 references.

References · 46

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
  2. 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,715
  3. 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 14,132
  4. 2021Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problemscited by 10,109
  5. 2020Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Taskscited by 9,297
  6. 2023Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Modelcited by 8,065
  7. 2019Parameter-Efficient Transfer Learning for NLPcited by 4,236
  8. 2019Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning at Scalecited by 3,935
  9. 2022Training a Helpful and Harmless Assistant with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedbackcited by 3,720
  10. 2020mT5: A massively multilingual pre-trained text-to-text transformercited by 1,818
  11. 2016The LAMBADA dataset: Word prediction requiring a broad discourse contextcited by 992
  12. 2018XNLI: Evaluating Cross-lingual Sentence Representationscited by 915
34 more
  1. 2020AdapterFusion: Non-Destructive Task Composition for Transfer Learningcited by 788
  2. 2019How multilingual is Multilingual BERT?cited by 645
  3. 2020Language-agnostic BERT Sentence Embeddingcited by 627
  4. 2024ORPO: Monolithic Preference Optimization without Reference Modelcited by 562
  5. 2022Language Models are Multilingual Chain-of-Thought Reasonerscited by 530
  6. 2023Understanding the Effects of RLHF on LLM Generalisation and Diversitycited by 396
  7. 2019MLQA: Evaluating Cross-lingual Extractive Question Answeringcited by 340
  8. 2019PAWS-X: A Cross-lingual Adversarial Dataset for Paraphrase Identificationcited by 264
  9. 2024How do Large Language Models Handle Multilingualism?cited by 150
  10. 2024A Survey on Multilingual Large Language Models: Corpora, Alignment, and Biascited by 84
  11. 2024Multilingual Instruction Tuning With Just a Pinch of Multilingualitycited by 73
  12. 2023Extrapolating Large Language Models to Non-English by Aligning Languagescited by 69
  13. 2024MAPO: Advancing Multilingual Reasoning through Multilingual Alignment-as-Preference Optimizationcited by 69
  14. 2023BUFFET: Benchmarking Large Language Models for Few-shot Cross-lingual Transfercited by 68
  15. 2023Multilingual Large Language Models Are Not (Yet) Code-Switcherscited by 65
  16. 2024LLaMAX: Scaling Linguistic Horizons of LLM by Enhancing Translation Capabilities Beyond 100 Languagescited by 48
  17. 2024RLHF Can Speak Many Languages: Unlocking Multilingual Preference Optimization for LLMscited by 43
  18. 2020From Zero to Hero: On the Limitations of Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer with Multilingual Transformerscited by 35
  19. 2024Language Imbalance Driven Rewarding for Multilingual Self-improvingcited by 28
  20. 2024Converging to a Lingua Franca: Evolution of Linguistic Regions and Semantics Alignment in Multilingual Large Language Modelscited by 23
  21. 2024Survey of Large Multimodal Model Datasets, Application Categories and Taxonomycited by 17
  22. 2024What Drives Performance in Multilingual Language Models?cited by 15
  23. 2025SweEval: Do LLMs Really Swear? A Safety Benchmark for Testing Limits for Enterprise Usecited by 15
  24. 2025Hard Negative Mining for Domain-Specific Retrieval in Enterprise Systemscited by 14
  25. 2021Meta-Learning for Effective Multi-task and Multilingual Modellingcited by 13
  26. 2024LLM for Barcodes: Generating Diverse Synthetic Data for Identity Documentscited by 12
  27. 2025Tokenization Matters: Improving Zero-Shot NER for Indic Languagescited by 12
  28. 2024CrossIn: An Efficient Instruction Tuning Approach for Cross-Lingual Knowledge Alignmentcited by 11
  29. 2025FS-DAG: Few Shot Domain Adapting Graph Networks for Visually Rich Document Understandingcited by 10
  30. 2025DAIQ: Auditing Demographic Attribute Inference from Question in LLMscited by 10
  31. 2024Eliciting Better Multilingual Structured Reasoning from LLMs through Codecited by 9
  32. 2025Clinical QA 2.0: Multi-Task Learning for Answer Extraction and Categorizationcited by 9
  33. 2025Who's Asking? Investigating Bias Through the Lens of Disability Framed Queries in LLMscited by 6
  34. 2025SpeechWeave: Diverse Multilingual Synthetic Text & Audio Data Generation Pipeline for Training Text to Speech Modelscited by 5

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 2; 2026: 9.

11 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2024ABC Align: Large Language Model Alignment for Safety & Accuracy
  2. 2026Align Once, Benefit Multilingually: Enforcing Multilingual Consistency for LLM Safety Alignment
  3. 2025AlignX: Advancing Multilingual Large Language Models with Multilingual Representation Alignment
  4. 2024Getting More from Less: Large Language Models are Good Spontaneous Multilingual Learners
  5. 2025A Comprehensive Evaluation framework of Alignment Techniques for LLMs
  6. 2024MEXA: Multilingual Evaluation of English-Centric LLMs via Cross-Lingual Alignment
  7. 2024Concept Space Alignment in Multilingual LLMs
  8. 2025CM-Align: Consistency-based Multilingual Alignment for Large Language Models