Pragmatics in the Era of Large Language Models: A Survey on Datasets, Evaluation, Opportunities and Challenges
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Abstract (arXiv)
Understanding pragmatics-the use of language in context-is crucial for developing NLP systems capable of interpreting nuanced language use. Despite recent advances in language technologies, including large language models, evaluating their ability to handle pragmatic phenomena such as implicatures and references remains challenging. To advance pragmatic abilities in models, it is essential to understand current evaluation trends and identify existing limitations. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive review of resources designed for evaluating pragmatic capabilities in NLP, categorizing datasets by the pragmatic phenomena they address. We analyze task designs, data collection methods, evaluation approaches, and their relevance to real-world applications. By examining these resources in the context of modern language models, we highlight emerging trends, challenges, and gaps in existing benchmarks. Our survey aims to clarify the landscape of pragmatic evaluation and guide the development of more comprehensive and targeted benchmarks, ultimately contributing to more nuanced and context-aware NLP models.
Key facts. Cited by 31 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 50 of its 132 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Feb 2025.
Builds on
50 of 132 references.
References · 50
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- 2020Are Natural Language Inference Models IMPPRESsive? Learning IMPlicature and PRESuppositioncited by 77
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- 2022A fine-grained comparison of pragmatic language understanding in humans and language modelscited by 70
- 2019Recent Advances in Natural Language Inference: A Survey of Benchmarks, Resources, and Approachescited by 65
- 2024PUB: A Pragmatics Understanding Benchmark for Assessing LLMs' Pragmatics Capabilitiescited by 59
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- 2022The Goldilocks of Pragmatic Understanding: Fine-Tuning Strategy Matters for Implicature Resolution by LLMscited by 58
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 11; 2026: 20.
31 papers.
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- 2025Why Language Models Hallucinatecited by 220
- 2025Position: Text Embeddings Should Capture Implicit Semantics, Not Just Surface Meaningcited by 10
- 2025Vision-Language Models Are Not Pragmatically Competent in Referring Expression Generationcited by 8
- 2026Do LLM Self-Explanations Help Users Predict Model Behavior? Evaluating Counterfactual Simulatability with Pragmatic Perturbationscited by 7
- 2025When Benchmarks Age: Temporal Misalignment through Large Language Model Factuality Evaluationcited by 6
- 2025On the Same Wavelength? Evaluating Pragmatic Reasoning in Language Models across Broad Conceptscited by 5
- 2025Discourse Heuristics For Paradoxically Moral Self-Correctioncited by 3
- 2026Why Human Guidance Matters in Collaborative Vibe Codingcited by 3
- 2026Ads in AI Chatbots? An Analysis of How Large Language Models Navigate Conflicts of Interestcited by 3
- 2025Pragmatic Theories Enhance Understanding of Implied Meanings in LLMscited by 2
- 2025Conversational Alignment with Artificial Intelligence in Contextcited by 1
- 2025Generative AI and the future of scientometrics: current topics and future questionscited by 1
19 more
- 2025P-ReMIS: Pragmatic Reasoning in Mental Health and a Social Implicationcited by 1
- 2026Disco-RAG: Discourse-Aware Retrieval-Augmented Generationcited by 1
- 2026Can large language models interpret unstructured chat data on dynamic group decision-making processes? Evidence on joint destination choicecited by 1
- 2026Position: Logical Soundness is not a Reliable Criterion for Neurosymbolic Fact-Checking with LLMscited by 1
- 2026How Hypocritical Is Your LLM judge? Listener-Speaker Asymmetries in the Pragmatic Competence of Large Language Modelscited by 1
- 2026Can Large Language Models Handle Discourse Particles? A Case Study of Colloquial Malaycited by 1
- 2026Beyond "To whom it may concern": Tailoring Machine Translation to Audience and Intentcited by 1
- 2026Investigating Multimodal Informativity under Different Partner Visibility Conditions in Video-Mediated Dialoguecited by 1
- 2025Pragmatics beyond humans: meaning, communication, and LLMscited by 0
- 2026Pragmatics Meets Culture: Culturally-adapted Artwork Description Generation and Evaluationcited by 0
- 2026DRInQ: Evaluating Conversational Implicature with Controlled Context Variationcited by 0
- 2026KARMA: Karma-Aligned Reward Model Adaptationcited by 0
- 2026When Discourse Pressures Conflict: Information Structure in Vision-Language Model Outputscited by 0
- 2026Flout at Your Own Risk: LLMs Struggle with Pragmatic Cooperativity Under Epistemic Asymmetrycited by 0
- 2026A Formal Limitation on Learning Human Language From Textual Corporacited by 0
- 2026VakyArth: Evaluating Pragmatic Competence in LLMs across Indic Languagescited by 0
- 2026The Impact of Synthetic Data Augmentation on Discourse-Pragmatic Function Classificationcited by 0
- 2026Polite but Misaligned: Evaluating LLM Politeness Judgments Against Human Pragmatic Normscited by 0
- 2026Larry Caused the Car to Stop, But the Model Didn't Notice: Transformer Blindness to the M-Heuristiccited by 0
- 2026Larry Caused the Car to Stop, But the Model Didn't Notice: Transformer Blindness to the M-Heuristic27 Sep 2026
- 2026Polite but Misaligned: Evaluating LLM Politeness Judgments Against Human Pragmatic Norms24 Sep 2026
- 2026The Impact of Synthetic Data Augmentation on Discourse-Pragmatic Function Classification3 Sep 2026
- 2026VakyArth: Evaluating Pragmatic Competence in LLMs across Indic Languages1 Sep 2026
- 2026A Formal Limitation on Learning Human Language From Textual Corpora28 Aug 2026
- 2026Investigating Multimodal Informativity under Different Partner Visibility Conditions in Video-Mediated Dialogue9 Aug 2026
- 2026Flout at Your Own Risk: LLMs Struggle with Pragmatic Cooperativity Under Epistemic Asymmetry13 Jul 2026
- 2026Beyond "To whom it may concern": Tailoring Machine Translation to Audience and Intent2 Jun 2026
- 2026Can Large Language Models Handle Discourse Particles? A Case Study of Colloquial Malay27 May 2026
- 2026When Discourse Pressures Conflict: Information Structure in Vision-Language Model Outputs27 May 2026
- 2026KARMA: Karma-Aligned Reward Model Adaptation26 May 2026
- 2026DRInQ: Evaluating Conversational Implicature with Controlled Context Variation22 May 2026
19 more
- 2026How Hypocritical Is Your LLM judge? Listener-Speaker Asymmetries in the Pragmatic Competence of Large Language Models17 Apr 2026
- 2026Ads in AI Chatbots? An Analysis of How Large Language Models Navigate Conflicts of Interest9 Apr 2026
- 2026Position: Logical Soundness is not a Reliable Criterion for Neurosymbolic Fact-Checking with LLMs5 Apr 2026
- 2026Pragmatics Meets Culture: Culturally-adapted Artwork Description Generation and Evaluation2 Apr 2026
- 2026Why Human Guidance Matters in Collaborative Vibe Coding11 Feb 2026
- 2026Can large language models interpret unstructured chat data on dynamic group decision-making processes? Evidence on joint destination choice9 Jan 2026
- 2026Disco-RAG: Discourse-Aware Retrieval-Augmented Generation7 Jan 2026
- 2026Do LLM Self-Explanations Help Users Predict Model Behavior? Evaluating Counterfactual Simulatability with Pragmatic Perturbations7 Jan 2026
- 2025Pragmatic Theories Enhance Understanding of Implied Meanings in LLMs30 Oct 2025
- 2025When Benchmarks Age: Temporal Misalignment through Large Language Model Factuality Evaluation8 Oct 2025
- 2025On the Same Wavelength? Evaluating Pragmatic Reasoning in Language Models across Broad Concepts8 Sep 2025
- 2025Why Language Models Hallucinate4 Sep 2025
- 2025Pragmatics beyond humans: meaning, communication, and LLMs8 Aug 2025
- 2025P-ReMIS: Pragmatic Reasoning in Mental Health and a Social Implication31 Jul 2025
- 2025Discourse Heuristics For Paradoxically Moral Self-Correction1 Jul 2025
- 2025Generative AI and the future of scientometrics: current topics and future questions1 Jul 2025
- 2025Position: Text Embeddings Should Capture Implicit Semantics, Not Just Surface Meaning10 Jun 2025
- 2025Conversational Alignment with Artificial Intelligence in Context28 May 2025
- 2025Vision-Language Models Are Not Pragmatically Competent in Referring Expression Generation22 Apr 2025
- 2026KARMA: Karma-Aligned Reward Model Adaptationcited by 0
- 2026KARMA: Karma-Aligned Reward Model Adaptation26 May 2026
- 2025Why Language Models Hallucinatecited by 220
- 2025Position: Text Embeddings Should Capture Implicit Semantics, Not Just Surface Meaningcited by 10
- 2026Do LLM Self-Explanations Help Users Predict Model Behavior? Evaluating Counterfactual Simulatability with Pragmatic Perturbationscited by 7
- 2025When Benchmarks Age: Temporal Misalignment through Large Language Model Factuality Evaluationcited by 6
- 2025Discourse Heuristics For Paradoxically Moral Self-Correctioncited by 3
- 2026Why Human Guidance Matters in Collaborative Vibe Codingcited by 3
- 2026Ads in AI Chatbots? An Analysis of How Large Language Models Navigate Conflicts of Interestcited by 3
- 2025Pragmatic Theories Enhance Understanding of Implied Meanings in LLMscited by 2
- 2025Conversational Alignment with Artificial Intelligence in Contextcited by 1
- 2025Generative AI and the future of scientometrics: current topics and future questionscited by 1
- 2026Can large language models interpret unstructured chat data on dynamic group decision-making processes? Evidence on joint destination choicecited by 1
- 2026Position: Logical Soundness is not a Reliable Criterion for Neurosymbolic Fact-Checking with LLMscited by 1
12 most cited of 25 All 25 (JSON)
- 2026Larry Caused the Car to Stop, But the Model Didn't Notice: Transformer Blindness to the M-Heuristic27 Sep 2026
- 2026Polite but Misaligned: Evaluating LLM Politeness Judgments Against Human Pragmatic Norms24 Sep 2026
- 2026The Impact of Synthetic Data Augmentation on Discourse-Pragmatic Function Classification3 Sep 2026
- 2026VakyArth: Evaluating Pragmatic Competence in LLMs across Indic Languages1 Sep 2026
- 2026A Formal Limitation on Learning Human Language From Textual Corpora28 Aug 2026
- 2026Investigating Multimodal Informativity under Different Partner Visibility Conditions in Video-Mediated Dialogue9 Aug 2026
- 2026Flout at Your Own Risk: LLMs Struggle with Pragmatic Cooperativity Under Epistemic Asymmetry13 Jul 2026
- 2026Beyond "To whom it may concern": Tailoring Machine Translation to Audience and Intent2 Jun 2026
- 2026Can Large Language Models Handle Discourse Particles? A Case Study of Colloquial Malay27 May 2026
- 2026DRInQ: Evaluating Conversational Implicature with Controlled Context Variation22 May 2026
- 2026How Hypocritical Is Your LLM judge? Listener-Speaker Asymmetries in the Pragmatic Competence of Large Language Models17 Apr 2026
- 2026Ads in AI Chatbots? An Analysis of How Large Language Models Navigate Conflicts of Interest9 Apr 2026
12 newest of 25 All 25 (JSON)