DiPlomat: A Dialogue Dataset for Situated Pragmatic Reasoning
On the map: LLM reasoning → Reasoning benchmarks and evaluation
Abstract (arXiv)
Pragmatic reasoning plays a pivotal role in deciphering implicit meanings that frequently arise in real-life conversations and is essential for the development of communicative social agents. In this paper, we introduce a novel challenge, DiPlomat, aiming at benchmarking machines' capabilities on pragmatic reasoning and situated conversational understanding. Compared with previous works that treat different figurative expressions (e.g. metaphor, sarcasm) as individual tasks, DiPlomat provides a cohesive framework towards general pragmatic understanding. Our dataset is created through the utilization of Amazon Mechanical Turk ( AMT ), resulting in a total of 4, 177 multi-turn dialogues. In conjunction with the dataset, we propose two tasks, Pragmatic Identification and Reasoning (PIR) and Conversational Question Answering (CQA). Experimental results with state-of-the-art (SOTA) neural architectures reveal several significant findings: 1) large language models ( LLMs) exhibit poor performance in tackling this subjective domain; 2) comprehensive comprehension of context emerges as a critical factor for establishing benign human-machine interactions; 3) current models defect in the application of pragmatic reasoning. As a result, we call on more attention to improve the ability of context understanding, reasoning, and implied meaning modeling.
Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Reasoning benchmarks and evaluation, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 4 of its 69 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 Jun 2023.
Builds on
4 of 69 references.
References · 4
- 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,266
- 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,302
- 2019Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networkscited by 9,049
- 2022Improving alignment of dialogue agents via targeted human judgementscited by 527
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 3; 2024: 1; 2025: 5; 2026: 5.
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- 2023AutoMix: Automatically Mixing Language Modelscited by 116
- 2025Pragmatics in the Era of Large Language Models: A Survey on Datasets, Evaluation, Opportunities and Challengescited by 31
- 2024The Imperative of Conversation Analysis in the Era of LLMs: A Survey of Tasks, Techniques, and Trendscited by 11
- 2025Position: Text Embeddings Should Capture Implicit Semantics, Not Just Surface Meaningcited by 10
- 2023Is There Any Social Principle for LLM-Based Agents?cited by 4
- 2023Affective Visual Dialog: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Emotional Reasoning Based on Visually Grounded Conversationscited by 4
- 2025Are they lovers or friends? Evaluating LLMs' Social Reasoning in English and Korean Dialoguescited by 3
- 2025Pragmatic Theories Enhance Understanding of Implied Meanings in LLMscited by 2
- 2025BEDA: Belief Estimation as Probabilistic Constraints for Performing Strategic Dialogue Actscited by 2
- 2026CEI: A Benchmark for Evaluating Pragmatic Reasoning in Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026Towards High-Level Semantic Intelligencecited by 0
- 2026Surfacing the Unsaid: CUE-Bench for Affective Stance in Chinese Discoursecited by 0
- 2026The Shape of Power: A Multilingual Framework for Social Power Reasoning in Dialogues28 Aug 2026
- 2026Leveraging Speech Acts for Low-Data and Cross-Domain Conversation Derailment Forecasting26 Aug 2026
- 2026Surfacing the Unsaid: CUE-Bench for Affective Stance in Chinese Discourse11 Aug 2026
- 2026Towards High-Level Semantic Intelligence27 Jul 2026
- 2026CEI: A Benchmark for Evaluating Pragmatic Reasoning in Language Models14 Feb 2026
- 2025BEDA: Belief Estimation as Probabilistic Constraints for Performing Strategic Dialogue Acts31 Dec 2025
- 2025Pragmatic Theories Enhance Understanding of Implied Meanings in LLMs30 Oct 2025
- 2025Are they lovers or friends? Evaluating LLMs' Social Reasoning in English and Korean Dialogues21 Oct 2025
- 2025Position: Text Embeddings Should Capture Implicit Semantics, Not Just Surface Meaning10 Jun 2025
- 2025Pragmatics in the Era of Large Language Models: A Survey on Datasets, Evaluation, Opportunities and Challenges17 Feb 2025
- 2024The Imperative of Conversation Analysis in the Era of LLMs: A Survey of Tasks, Techniques, and Trends21 Sep 2024
- 2023AutoMix: Automatically Mixing Language Models19 Oct 2023
- 2025Are they lovers or friends? Evaluating LLMs' Social Reasoning in English and Korean Dialoguescited by 3
- 2026CEI: A Benchmark for Evaluating Pragmatic Reasoning in Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026Towards High-Level Semantic Intelligencecited by 0
- 2026The Shape of Power: A Multilingual Framework for Social Power Reasoning in Dialoguescited by 0
- 2026The Shape of Power: A Multilingual Framework for Social Power Reasoning in Dialogues28 Aug 2026
- 2026Towards High-Level Semantic Intelligence27 Jul 2026
- 2026CEI: A Benchmark for Evaluating Pragmatic Reasoning in Language Models14 Feb 2026
- 2025Are they lovers or friends? Evaluating LLMs' Social Reasoning in English and Korean Dialogues21 Oct 2025
- 2023Is There Any Social Principle for LLM-Based Agents?cited by 4
- 2023Is There Any Social Principle for LLM-Based Agents?22 Aug 2023
- 2023AutoMix: Automatically Mixing Language Modelscited by 116
- 2025Pragmatics in the Era of Large Language Models: A Survey on Datasets, Evaluation, Opportunities and Challengescited by 31
- 2024The Imperative of Conversation Analysis in the Era of LLMs: A Survey of Tasks, Techniques, and Trendscited by 11
- 2025Position: Text Embeddings Should Capture Implicit Semantics, Not Just Surface Meaningcited by 10
- 2023Affective Visual Dialog: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Emotional Reasoning Based on Visually Grounded Conversationscited by 4
- 2025Pragmatic Theories Enhance Understanding of Implied Meanings in LLMscited by 2
- 2025BEDA: Belief Estimation as Probabilistic Constraints for Performing Strategic Dialogue Actscited by 2
- 2026Surfacing the Unsaid: CUE-Bench for Affective Stance in Chinese Discoursecited by 0
- 2026Leveraging Speech Acts for Low-Data and Cross-Domain Conversation Derailment Forecastingcited by 0
- 2026Leveraging Speech Acts for Low-Data and Cross-Domain Conversation Derailment Forecasting26 Aug 2026
- 2026Surfacing the Unsaid: CUE-Bench for Affective Stance in Chinese Discourse11 Aug 2026
- 2025BEDA: Belief Estimation as Probabilistic Constraints for Performing Strategic Dialogue Acts31 Dec 2025
- 2025Pragmatic Theories Enhance Understanding of Implied Meanings in LLMs30 Oct 2025
- 2025Position: Text Embeddings Should Capture Implicit Semantics, Not Just Surface Meaning10 Jun 2025
- 2025Pragmatics in the Era of Large Language Models: A Survey on Datasets, Evaluation, Opportunities and Challenges17 Feb 2025
- 2024The Imperative of Conversation Analysis in the Era of LLMs: A Survey of Tasks, Techniques, and Trends21 Sep 2024
- 2023AutoMix: Automatically Mixing Language Models19 Oct 2023
- 2023Affective Visual Dialog: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Emotional Reasoning Based on Visually Grounded Conversations30 Aug 2023
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- 2024Reasoning in Conversation: Solving Subjective Tasks through Dialogue Simulation for Large Language Models
- 2023Commonsense Reasoning for Conversational AI: A Survey of the State of the Art
- 2025On the Same Wavelength? Evaluating Pragmatic Reasoning in Language Models across Broad Concepts
- 2025The Pragmatic Mind of Machines: Tracing the Emergence of Pragmatic Competence in Large Language Models
- 2025SI-Bench: Benchmarking Social Intelligence of Large Language Models in Human-to-Human Conversations
- 2023Dialogue Agents 101: A Beginner's Guide to Critical Ingredients for Designing Effective Conversational Systems
- 2022JARVIS: A Neuro-Symbolic Commonsense Reasoning Framework for Conversational Embodied Agents
- 2026Which one is banana man? Evaluating vision-language models in multi-turn pragmatic interpretation