WorldGUI: An Interactive Benchmark for Desktop GUI Automation from Any Starting Point
On the map: LLM agents and tool use → GUI and mobile agents
Abstract (arXiv)
Recent progress in GUI agents has substantially improved visual grounding, yet robust planning remains challenging, particularly when the environment deviates from a canonical initial state. In real applications, users often invoke assistance mid-workflow, where software may be partially configured, steps may have been executed in different orders, or the interface may differ from its default setup. Such task-state variability is pervasive but insufficiently evaluated in existing GUI benchmarks. To address this gap, we introduce WorldGUI, a benchmark covering ten widely used desktop and web applications with tasks instantiated under diverse, systematically constructed initial states. These variations capture realistic human-computer interaction settings and enable diagnostic evaluation of an agent's ability to recover, adapt plans, and handle non-default contexts. We further present WorldGUI-Agent, a simple and model-agnostic framework that organizes planning and execution around three critique stages, improving reliability in dynamic environments. Experiments demonstrate that state-of-the-art GUI agents exhibit substantial performance degradation under non-default initial conditions, revealing limited robustness and fragile planning behaviors. Our benchmark and framework provide a foundation for developing more adaptable and reliable GUI agents. The code and data are available at https://github.com/showlab/WorldGUI.
Key facts. Cited by 19 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in GUI and mobile agents, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 27 of its 39 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Feb 2025.
Builds on
27 of 39 references.
Closest ancestors · 9
Same direction, newest first
- 2025Mobile-Agent-E: Self-Evolving Mobile Assistant for Complex Tasks20 Jan
- 2024The Dawn of GUI Agent: A Preliminary Case Study with Claude 3.5 Computer Use15 Nov
- 2024Agent S: An Open Agentic Framework that Uses Computers Like a Human10 Oct
- 2024Navigating the Digital World as Humans Do: Universal Visual Grounding for GUI Agents7 Oct
- 2024Windows Agent Arena: Evaluating Multi-Modal OS Agents at Scale12 Sep
- 2024Mobile-Agent: Autonomous Multi-Modal Mobile Device Agent with Visual Perception29 Jan
- 2024SeeClick: Harnessing GUI Grounding for Advanced Visual GUI Agents17 Jan
- 2023AppAgent: Multimodal Agents as Smartphone Users21 Dec
- 2023CogAgent: A Visual Language Model for GUI Agents14 Dec
Other references · 18
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
- 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,302
- 2023Reflexion: Language Agents with Verbal Reinforcement Learningcited by 4,064
- 2022Robust Speech Recognition via Large-Scale Weak Supervisioncited by 3,972
- 2016Making the V in VQA Matter: Elevating the Role of Image Understanding in Visual Question Answeringcited by 2,498
- 2015VQA: Visual Question Answeringcited by 2,489
- 2023WebArena: A Realistic Web Environment for Building Autonomous Agentscited by 1,908
- 2022WebShop: Towards Scalable Real-World Web Interaction with Grounded Language Agentscited by 1,197
- 2023CRITIC: Large Language Models Can Self-Correct with Tool-Interactive Critiquingcited by 751
- 2024GPT-4V(ision) is a Generalist Web Agent, if Groundedcited by 547
- 2024WebVoyager: Building an End-to-End Web Agent with Large Multimodal Modelscited by 424
- 2024Aguvis: Unified Pure Vision Agents for Autonomous GUI Interactioncited by 271
6 more
- 2024ShowUI: One Vision-Language-Action Model for GUI Visual Agentcited by 226
- 2023AutoDroid: LLM-powered Task Automation in Androidcited by 178
- 2024Ferret-UI: Grounded Mobile UI Understanding with Multimodal LLMscited by 173
- 2024AutoWebGLM: A Large Language Model-based Web Navigating Agentcited by 130
- 2024AgentTrek: Agent Trajectory Synthesis via Guiding Replay with Web Tutorialscited by 123
- 2024AgentStudio: A Toolkit for Building General Virtual Agentscited by 45
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 5; 2026: 14.
19 papers.
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By area:
- 2025A Survey on (M)LLM-Based GUI Agentscited by 61
- 2025ZeroGUI: Automating Online GUI Learning at Zero Human Costcited by 44
- 2026OSWorld 2.0: Benchmarking Computer Use Agents on Long-Horizon Real-World Taskscited by 29
- 2025A Survey on Agentic Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 19
- 2026OS-Symphony: A Holistic Framework for Robust and Generalist Computer-Using Agentcited by 19
- 2026WindowsWorld: A Process-Centric Benchmark of Autonomous GUI Agents in Professional Cross-Application Environmentscited by 9
- 2026On the Reliability of Computer Use Agentscited by 8
- 2026ProactiveMobile: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Boosting Proactive Intelligence on Mobile Devicescited by 5
- 2026GUIDE: A Benchmark for Understanding and Assisting Users in Open-Ended GUI Taskscited by 4
- 2026DeskCraft: Benchmarking Desktop Agents on Professional Workflows and Human-in-the-Loop Collaborationcited by 4
- 2026Pix2Fact: When Vision Is Not Enough -- Benchmarking Fine-Grained VQA with Web Verification on High-Resolution Real-World Scenescited by 3
- 2025InfraMind: A Novel Exploration-based GUI Agentic Framework for Mission-critical Industrial Managementcited by 2
7 more
- 2025Learning from Online Videos at Inference Time for Computer-Use Agentscited by 2
- 2026GUI-Perturbed: Domain Randomization Reveals Systematic Brittleness in GUI Grounding Modelscited by 2
- 2026Recovering Policy-Induced Errors: Benchmarking and Trajectory Synthesis for Robust GUI Agentscited by 2
- 2026PAGER: Bridging the Semantic-Execution Gap in Point-Precise Geometric GUI Controlcited by 1
- 2026CutVerse: A Compositional GUI Agents Benchmark for Media Post-Production Editingcited by 1
- 2026Learn from Weaknesses: Automated Domain Specialization for Small Computer-Use Agentscited by 1
- 2026Securing Computer-Use Agents: A Unified Architecture-Lifecycle Framework for Deployment-Grounded Reliabilitycited by 0
- 2026OSWorld 2.0: Benchmarking Computer Use Agents on Long-Horizon Real-World Tasks28 Jun 2026
- 2026DeskCraft: Benchmarking Desktop Agents on Professional Workflows and Human-in-the-Loop Collaboration2 Jun 2026
- 2026Recovering Policy-Induced Errors: Benchmarking and Trajectory Synthesis for Robust GUI Agents28 May 2026
- 2026Learn from Weaknesses: Automated Domain Specialization for Small Computer-Use Agents27 May 2026
- 2026CutVerse: A Compositional GUI Agents Benchmark for Media Post-Production Editing19 May 2026
- 2026PAGER: Bridging the Semantic-Execution Gap in Point-Precise Geometric GUI Control15 May 2026
- 2026Securing Computer-Use Agents: A Unified Architecture-Lifecycle Framework for Deployment-Grounded Reliability8 May 2026
- 2026WindowsWorld: A Process-Centric Benchmark of Autonomous GUI Agents in Professional Cross-Application Environments30 Apr 2026
- 2026On the Reliability of Computer Use Agents20 Apr 2026
- 2026GUI-Perturbed: Domain Randomization Reveals Systematic Brittleness in GUI Grounding Models15 Apr 2026
- 2026GUIDE: A Benchmark for Understanding and Assisting Users in Open-Ended GUI Tasks26 Mar 2026
- 2026ProactiveMobile: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Boosting Proactive Intelligence on Mobile Devices25 Feb 2026
7 more
- 2026Pix2Fact: When Vision Is Not Enough -- Benchmarking Fine-Grained VQA with Web Verification on High-Resolution Real-World Scenes31 Jan 2026
- 2026OS-Symphony: A Holistic Framework for Robust and Generalist Computer-Using Agent12 Jan 2026
- 2025Learning from Online Videos at Inference Time for Computer-Use Agents6 Nov 2025
- 2025A Survey on Agentic Multimodal Large Language Models13 Oct 2025
- 2025InfraMind: A Novel Exploration-based GUI Agentic Framework for Mission-critical Industrial Management17 Sep 2025
- 2025ZeroGUI: Automating Online GUI Learning at Zero Human Cost29 May 2025
- 2025A Survey on (M)LLM-Based GUI Agents27 Mar 2025
- 2025A Survey on (M)LLM-Based GUI Agentscited by 61
- 2026OSWorld 2.0: Benchmarking Computer Use Agents on Long-Horizon Real-World Taskscited by 29
- 2026WindowsWorld: A Process-Centric Benchmark of Autonomous GUI Agents in Professional Cross-Application Environmentscited by 9
- 2026On the Reliability of Computer Use Agentscited by 8
- 2026ProactiveMobile: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Boosting Proactive Intelligence on Mobile Devicescited by 5
- 2026DeskCraft: Benchmarking Desktop Agents on Professional Workflows and Human-in-the-Loop Collaborationcited by 4
- 2025InfraMind: A Novel Exploration-based GUI Agentic Framework for Mission-critical Industrial Managementcited by 2
- 2025Learning from Online Videos at Inference Time for Computer-Use Agentscited by 2
- 2026Recovering Policy-Induced Errors: Benchmarking and Trajectory Synthesis for Robust GUI Agentscited by 2
- 2026CutVerse: A Compositional GUI Agents Benchmark for Media Post-Production Editingcited by 1
- 2026Learn from Weaknesses: Automated Domain Specialization for Small Computer-Use Agentscited by 1
- 2026Securing Computer-Use Agents: A Unified Architecture-Lifecycle Framework for Deployment-Grounded Reliabilitycited by 0
- 2026OSWorld 2.0: Benchmarking Computer Use Agents on Long-Horizon Real-World Tasks28 Jun 2026
- 2026DeskCraft: Benchmarking Desktop Agents on Professional Workflows and Human-in-the-Loop Collaboration2 Jun 2026
- 2026Recovering Policy-Induced Errors: Benchmarking and Trajectory Synthesis for Robust GUI Agents28 May 2026
- 2026Learn from Weaknesses: Automated Domain Specialization for Small Computer-Use Agents27 May 2026
- 2026CutVerse: A Compositional GUI Agents Benchmark for Media Post-Production Editing19 May 2026
- 2026Securing Computer-Use Agents: A Unified Architecture-Lifecycle Framework for Deployment-Grounded Reliability8 May 2026
- 2026WindowsWorld: A Process-Centric Benchmark of Autonomous GUI Agents in Professional Cross-Application Environments30 Apr 2026
- 2026On the Reliability of Computer Use Agents20 Apr 2026
- 2026ProactiveMobile: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Boosting Proactive Intelligence on Mobile Devices25 Feb 2026
- 2025Learning from Online Videos at Inference Time for Computer-Use Agents6 Nov 2025
- 2025InfraMind: A Novel Exploration-based GUI Agentic Framework for Mission-critical Industrial Management17 Sep 2025
- 2025A Survey on (M)LLM-Based GUI Agents27 Mar 2025
- 2025ZeroGUI: Automating Online GUI Learning at Zero Human Costcited by 44
- 2025A Survey on Agentic Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 19
- 2026OS-Symphony: A Holistic Framework for Robust and Generalist Computer-Using Agentcited by 19
- 2026Pix2Fact: When Vision Is Not Enough -- Benchmarking Fine-Grained VQA with Web Verification on High-Resolution Real-World Scenescited by 3
- 2026PAGER: Bridging the Semantic-Execution Gap in Point-Precise Geometric GUI Controlcited by 1
- 2026PAGER: Bridging the Semantic-Execution Gap in Point-Precise Geometric GUI Control15 May 2026
- 2026Pix2Fact: When Vision Is Not Enough -- Benchmarking Fine-Grained VQA with Web Verification on High-Resolution Real-World Scenes31 Jan 2026
- 2026OS-Symphony: A Holistic Framework for Robust and Generalist Computer-Using Agent12 Jan 2026
- 2025A Survey on Agentic Multimodal Large Language Models13 Oct 2025
- 2025ZeroGUI: Automating Online GUI Learning at Zero Human Cost29 May 2025
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
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- 2026Beyond Sequential Interaction: Benchmarking Parallel Execution and Coordination for GUI Agents
- 2026JarvisGUI: Towards Cross-Device GUI Agents with Dynamic Task Composition
- 2026AutoGUI-v2: A Comprehensive Multi-Modal GUI Functionality Understanding Benchmark
- 2026GUI-CC: Benchmarking Contextual Consistency of GUI World Models as Agent Environments
- 2026AutoGUIWorld: Image Generators as Visual World Models for GUI Agent
- 2025ProBench: Benchmarking GUI Agents with Accurate Process Information
- 2025GUI-Robust: A Comprehensive Dataset for Testing GUI Agent Robustness in Real-World Anomalies