mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Hallucination Detection: Robustly Discerning Reliable Answers in Large Language Models

arXiv 2407.04121 ↗First posted 4 Jul 2024cs.CL cs.AIcited by 44

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Abstract (arXiv)

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained widespread adoption in various natural language processing tasks, including question answering and dialogue systems. However, a major drawback of LLMs is the issue of hallucination, where they generate unfaithful or inconsistent content that deviates from the input source, leading to severe consequences. In this paper, we propose a robust discriminator named RelD to effectively detect hallucination in LLMs' generated answers. RelD is trained on the constructed RelQA, a bilingual question-answering dialogue dataset along with answers generated by LLMs and a comprehensive set of metrics. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed RelD successfully detects hallucination in the answers generated by diverse LLMs. Moreover, it performs well in distinguishing hallucination in LLMs' generated answers from both in-distribution and out-of-distribution datasets. Additionally, we also conduct a thorough analysis of the types of hallucinations that occur and present valuable insights. This research significantly contributes to the detection of reliable answers generated by LLMs and holds noteworthy implications for mitigating hallucination in the future work.

Key facts. Cited by 44 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 60 of its 89 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 4 Jul 2024.

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60 of 89 references.

References · 60

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Citing papers per year: 2024: 12; 2025: 20; 2026: 12.

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  1. 2024A Survey on Uncertainty Quantification of Large Language Models: Taxonomy, Open Research Challenges, and Future Directionscited by 115
  2. 2024Visual Agents as Fast and Slow Thinkerscited by 53
  3. 2024Atomic Fact Decomposition Helps Attributed Question Answeringcited by 21
  4. 2025A Head to Predict and a Head to Question: Pre-trained Uncertainty Quantification Heads for Hallucination Detection in LLM Outputscited by 20
  5. 2025The Order Effect: Investigating Prompt Sensitivity to Input Order in LLMscited by 19
  6. 2024Meta-Chunking: Learning Text Segmentation and Semantic Completion via Logical Perceptioncited by 17
  7. 2025Control the Temperature: Selective Sampling for Diverse and High-Quality LLM Outputscited by 15
  8. 2024XMeCap: Meme Caption Generation with Sub-Image Adaptabilitycited by 14
  9. 2025SINdex: Semantic INconsistency Index for Hallucination Detection in LLMscited by 14
  10. 2025Robustness in Large Language Models: A Survey of Mitigation Strategies and Evaluation Metricscited by 12
  11. 2024Unconditional Truthfulness: Learning Unconditional Uncertainty of Large Language Modelscited by 9
  12. 2024DeepNote: Note-Centric Deep Retrieval-Augmented Generationcited by 8
32 more
  1. 2025Evaluating Evaluation Metrics -- The Mirage of Hallucination Detectioncited by 6
  2. 2025Loki's Dance of Illusions: A Comprehensive Survey of Hallucination in Large Language Modelscited by 6
  3. 2025Interpretable LLMs for Credit Risk: A Systematic Review and Taxonomycited by 5
  4. 2024Addressing Hallucinations with RAG and NMISS in Italian Healthcare LLM Chatbotscited by 3
  5. 2025Catch Me if You Search: When Contextual Web Search Results Affect the Detection of Hallucinationscited by 3
  6. 2025Efficient Knowledge Probing of Large Language Models by Adapting Pre-trained Embeddingscited by 3
  7. 2026Tool-MAD: A Multi-Agent Debate Framework for Fact Verification with Diverse Tool Augmentation and Adaptive Retrievalcited by 3
  8. 2024Can GPT-4 learn to analyse moves in research article abstracts?cited by 2
  9. 2024Enhancing Exchange Rate Forecasting with Explainable Deep Learning Modelscited by 2
  10. 2025Use Me Wisely: AI-Driven Assessment for LLM Prompting Skills Developmentcited by 2
  11. 2025Decomposing and Revising What Language Models Generatecited by 2
  12. 2026A Geometric Analysis of Small-sized Language Model Hallucinationscited by 2
  13. 2026Who Checks the Citations? Benchmarking Legal Hallucination Detectioncited by 2
  14. 2025Towards Mitigation of Hallucination for LLM-empowered Agents: Progressive Generalization Bound Exploration and Watchdog Monitorcited by 1
  15. 2025Bounded PCTL Model Checking of Large Language Model Outputscited by 1
  16. 2025Confidence-Aware Routing for Large Language Model Reliability Enhancement: A Multi-Signal Approach to Pre-Generation Hallucination Mitigationcited by 1
  17. 2025MoM: Mixtures of Scenario-Aware Document Memories for Retrieval-Augmented Generation Systemscited by 1
  18. 2024On the Influence of Shape, Texture and Color for Learning Semantic Segmentationcited by 0
  19. 2024Contrast All the Time: Learning Time Series Representation from Temporal Consistencycited by 0
  20. 2025Do Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Welding?cited by 0
  21. 2025Hallucination Detection with Small Language Modelscited by 0
  22. 2025Hallucination Detection and Mitigation with Diffusion in Multi-Variate Time-Series Foundation Modelscited by 0
  23. 2025MindFuse: Towards GenAI Explainability in Marketing Strategy Co-Creationcited by 0
  24. 2026Exploring Diversity, Novelty, and Popularity Bias in ChatGPT's Recommendationscited by 0
  25. 2026Towards Open Environments and Instructions: General Vision-Language Navigation via Fast-Slow Interactive Reasoningcited by 0
  26. 2026Harnessing Reasoning Trajectories for Hallucination Detection via Answer-agreement Representation Shapingcited by 0
  27. 2026QChunker: Learning Question-Aware Text Chunking for Domain RAG via Multi-Agent Debatecited by 0
  28. 2026Scalable Token-Level Hallucination Detection in Large Language Modelscited by 0
  29. 2026When Answers Stray from Questions: Hallucination Detection via Question-Answer Orthogonal Decompositioncited by 0
  30. 2026FedLNS: Leverage LayerNorm Signature Modeling to Mitigate Adversarial Manipulation in Federated LLMscited by 0
  31. 2026The Commit-Abstain Circuit: Why Language Models Hallucinate Instead of Abstainingcited by 0
  32. 2026Trustworthy Data- and ML-Ops for Intelligent Transportation Systems and Logisticscited by 0