mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

OlympicArena: Benchmarking Multi-discipline Cognitive Reasoning for Superintelligent AI

arXiv 2406.12753 ↗First posted 18 Jun 2024cs.CL cs.AIcited by 70

On the map: LLM reasoning → Mathematical reasoning

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Abstract (arXiv)

The evolution of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been significantly accelerated by advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) and Large Multimodal Models (LMMs), gradually showcasing potential cognitive reasoning abilities in problem-solving and scientific discovery (i.e., AI4Science) once exclusive to human intellect. To comprehensively evaluate current models' performance in cognitive reasoning abilities, we introduce OlympicArena, which includes 11,163 bilingual problems across both text-only and interleaved text-image modalities. These challenges encompass a wide range of disciplines spanning seven fields and 62 international Olympic competitions, rigorously examined for data leakage. We argue that the challenges in Olympic competition problems are ideal for evaluating AI's cognitive reasoning due to their complexity and interdisciplinary nature, which are essential for tackling complex scientific challenges and facilitating discoveries. Beyond evaluating performance across various disciplines using answer-only criteria, we conduct detailed experiments and analyses from multiple perspectives. We delve into the models' cognitive reasoning abilities, their performance across different modalities, and their outcomes in process-level evaluations, which are vital for tasks requiring complex reasoning with lengthy solutions. Our extensive evaluations reveal that even advanced models like GPT-4o only achieve a 39.97% overall accuracy, illustrating current AI limitations in complex reasoning and multimodal integration. Through the OlympicArena, we aim to advance AI towards superintelligence, equipping it to address more complex challenges in science and beyond. We also provide a comprehensive set of resources to support AI research, including a benchmark dataset, an open-source annotation platform, a detailed evaluation tool, and a leaderboard with automatic submission features.

Key facts. Cited by 70 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Mathematical reasoning, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 44 of its 65 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 Jun 2024.

Builds on

44 of 65 references.

Closest ancestors · 4

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2024Evaluating Mathematical Reasoning Beyond Accuracy8 Apr
  2. 2023Solving Challenging Math Word Problems Using GPT-4 Code Interpreter with Code-based Self-Verification15 Aug
  3. 2023SciBench: Evaluating College-Level Scientific Problem-Solving Abilities of Large Language Models20 Jul
  4. 2023Have LLMs Advanced Enough? A Challenging Problem Solving Benchmark For Large Language Models24 May

Other references · 40

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  2. 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,132
  3. 2021Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problemscited by 9,743
  4. 2021Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Codecited by 8,053
  5. 2020Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understandingcited by 7,768
  6. 2021Measuring Mathematical Problem Solving With the MATH Datasetcited by 5,203
  7. 2018GLUE: A Multi-Task Benchmark and Analysis Platform for Natural Language Understandingcited by 4,854
  8. 2023Let's Verify Step by Stepcited by 3,598
  9. 2023Qwen Technical Reportcited by 3,273
  10. 2024Gemini 1.5: Unlocking multimodal understanding across millions of tokens of contextcited by 3,175
  11. 2023GPQA: A Graduate-Level Google-Proof Q&A Benchmarkcited by 2,748
  12. 2023InternVL: Scaling up Vision Foundation Models and Aligning for Generic Visual-Linguistic Taskscited by 2,534
28 more
  1. 2023Qwen-VL: A Versatile Vision-Language Model for Understanding, Localization, Text Reading, and Beyondcited by 2,179
  2. 2023MMMU: A Massive Multi-discipline Multimodal Understanding and Reasoning Benchmark for Expert AGIcited by 2,044
  3. 2022Competition-Level Code Generation with AlphaCodecited by 1,427
  4. 2021Fantastically Ordered Prompts and Where to Find Them: Overcoming Few-Shot Prompt Order Sensitivitycited by 1,122
  5. 2024OlympiadBench: A Challenging Benchmark for Promoting AGI with Olympiad-Level Bilingual Multimodal Scientific Problemscited by 1,099
  6. 2024Are We on the Right Way for Evaluating Large Vision-Language Models?cited by 893
  7. 2021Measuring Coding Challenge Competence With APPScited by 879
  8. 2022Solving math word problems with process- and outcome-based feedbackcited by 871
  9. 2020XTREME: A Massively Multilingual Multi-task Benchmark for Evaluating Cross-lingual Generalizationcited by 738
  10. 2023MetaMath: Bootstrap Your Own Mathematical Questions for Large Language Modelscited by 724
  11. 2024Yi: Open Foundation Models by 01.AIcited by 706
  12. 2023AGIEval: A Human-Centric Benchmark for Evaluating Foundation Modelscited by 701
  13. 2023C-Eval: A Multi-Level Multi-Discipline Chinese Evaluation Suite for Foundation Modelscited by 694
  14. 2023Measuring Faithfulness in Chain-of-Thought Reasoningcited by 668
  15. 2023AgentVerse: Facilitating Multi-Agent Collaboration and Exploring Emergent Behaviorscited by 580
  16. 2024MathVerse: Does Your Multi-modal LLM Truly See the Diagrams in Visual Math Problems?cited by 573
  17. 2023MAmmoTH: Building Math Generalist Models through Hybrid Instruction Tuningcited by 483
  18. 2023CMMLU: Measuring massive multitask language understanding in Chinesecited by 436
  19. 2024InternLM2 Technical Reportcited by 391
  20. 2023Evaluating the Performance of Large Language Models on GAOKAO Benchmarkcited by 182
  21. 2023SciEval: A Multi-Level Large Language Model Evaluation Benchmark for Scientific Researchcited by 112
  22. 2024Benchmarking Benchmark Leakage in Large Language Modelscited by 102
  23. 2024Can Language Models Solve Olympiad Programming?cited by 70
  24. 2023FIMO: A Challenge Formal Dataset for Automated Theorem Provingcited by 54
  25. 2024CMMMU: A Chinese Massive Multi-discipline Multimodal Understanding Benchmarkcited by 54
  26. 2023Fairness-guided Few-shot Prompting for Large Language Modelscited by 53
  27. 2024Wu's Method can Boost Symbolic AI to Rival Silver Medalists and AlphaGeometry to Outperform Gold Medalists at IMO Geometrycited by 11
  28. 2022reStructured Pre-trainingcited by 8

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 8; 2025: 42; 2026: 20.

70 papers.

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  1. 2025s1: Simple test-time scalingcited by 1,311
  2. 2025From System 1 to System 2: A Survey of Reasoning Large Language Modelscited by 319
  3. 2025DeepMath-103K: A Large-Scale, Challenging, Decontaminated, and Verifiable Mathematical Dataset for Advancing Reasoningcited by 261
  4. 2025A Survey on Test-Time Scaling in Large Language Models: What, How, Where, and How Well?cited by 215
  5. 2025From LLM Reasoning to Autonomous AI Agents: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 146
  6. 2025Geometric-Mean Policy Optimizationcited by 107
  7. 2025Reinforcement Learning for Reasoning in Small LLMs: What Works and What Doesn'tcited by 72
  8. 2025MegaScience: Pushing the Frontiers of Post-Training Datasets for Science Reasoningcited by 56
  9. 2025Crosslingual Reasoning through Test-Time Scalingcited by 46
  10. 2025UGPhysics: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Undergraduate Physics Reasoning with Large Language Modelscited by 45
  11. 2025Understand, Solve and Translate: Bridging the Multilingual Mathematical Reasoning Gapcited by 41
  12. 2025A Survey of Test-Time Compute: From Intuitive Inference to Deliberate Reasoningcited by 40
38 more
  1. 2024RAG-Star: Enhancing Deliberative Reasoning with Retrieval Augmented Verification and Refinementcited by 38
  2. 2025Unlocking Exploration in RLVR: Uncertainty-aware Advantage Shaping for Deeper Reasoningcited by 34
  3. 2025Plan and Budget: Effective and Efficient Test-Time Scaling on Reasoning Large Language Modelscited by 30
  4. 2025Two Heads are Better Than One: Test-time Scaling of Multi-agent Collaborative Reasoningcited by 29
  5. 2025AutoData: A Multi-Agent System for Open Web Data Collectioncited by 25
  6. 2025It Takes Two: Your GRPO Is Secretly DPOcited by 25
  7. 2024Easy2Hard-Bench: Standardized Difficulty Labels for Profiling LLM Performance and Generalizationcited by 24
  8. 2025LIDDIA: Language-based Intelligent Drug Discovery Agentcited by 24
  9. 2024Can We Further Elicit Reasoning in LLMs? Critic-Guided Planning with Retrieval-Augmentation for Solving Challenging Taskscited by 22
  10. 2025Brains vs. Bytes: Evaluating LLM Proficiency in Olympiad Mathematicscited by 22
  11. 2024Multimodal Self-Instruct: Synthetic Abstract Image and Visual Reasoning Instruction Using Language Modelcited by 21
  12. 2025From Passive to Active Reasoning: Can Large Language Models Ask the Right Questions under Incomplete Information?cited by 21
  13. 2024LogicGame: Benchmarking Rule-Based Reasoning Abilities of Large Language Modelscited by 19
  14. 2025KTAE: A Model-Free Algorithm to Key-Tokens Advantage Estimation in Mathematical Reasoningcited by 19
  15. 2026OPUS: Towards Efficient and Principled Data Selection in Large Language Model Pre-training in Every Iterationcited by 17
  16. 2025MatSciBench: Benchmarking the Reasoning Ability of Large Language Models in Materials Sciencecited by 15
  17. 2025Reasoning with OmniThought: A Large CoT Dataset with Verbosity and Cognitive Difficulty Annotationscited by 14
  18. 2025UGMathBench: A Diverse and Dynamic Benchmark for Undergraduate-Level Mathematical Reasoning with Large Language Modelscited by 13
  19. 2025Sample Complexity and Representation Ability of Test-time Scaling Paradigmscited by 12
  20. 2025A Survey on Feedback-based Multi-step Reasoning for Large Language Models on Mathematicscited by 11
  21. 2026Agentic Proposing: Enhancing Large Language Model Reasoning via Compositional Skill Synthesiscited by 11
  22. 2025Benchmarking LLMs' Mathematical Reasoning with Unseen Random Variables Questionscited by 7
  23. 2025PhysicsMinions: Winning Gold Medals in the Latest Physics Olympiads with a Coevolutionary Multimodal Multi-Agent Systemcited by 7
  24. 2025SUPERChem: A Multimodal Reasoning Benchmark in Chemistrycited by 7
  25. 2025How Much Do Large Language Model Cheat on Evaluation? Benchmarking Overestimation under the One-Time-Pad-Based Frameworkcited by 6
  26. 2025Bench-2-CoP: Can We Trust Benchmarking for EU AI Compliance?cited by 6
  27. 2025Towards Stable and Effective Reinforcement Learning for Mixture-of-Expertscited by 6
  28. 2026Data Darwinism Part I: Unlocking the Value of Scientific Data for Pre-trainingcited by 6
  29. 2025ProJudge: A Multi-Modal Multi-Discipline Benchmark and Instruction-Tuning Dataset for MLLM-based Process Judgescited by 5
  30. 2025Children's Mental Models of AI Reasoning: Implications for AI Literacy Educationcited by 5
  31. 2025ASyMOB: Algebraic Symbolic Mathematical Operations Benchmarkcited by 5
  32. 2025K12Vista: Exploring the Boundaries of MLLMs in K-12 Educationcited by 5
  33. 2025ATLAS: A High-Difficulty, Multidisciplinary Benchmark for Frontier Scientific Reasoningcited by 5
  34. 2026MathNet: a Global Multimodal Benchmark for Mathematical Reasoning and Retrievalcited by 5
  35. 2026Why Semantic Entropy Fails: Geometry-Aware and Calibrated Uncertainty for Policy Optimizationcited by 5
  36. 2024OpenAI-o1 AB Testing: Does the o1 model really do good reasoning in math problem solving?cited by 4
  37. 2025Innovator: Scientific Continued Pretraining with Fine-grained MoE Upcyclingcited by 4
  38. 2025Evaluating Multi-Hop Reasoning in Large Language Models: A Chemistry-Centric Case Studycited by 3

50 most cited of 70 All 70 (JSON)

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  2. 2025Creativity or Brute Force? Using Brainteasers as a Window into the Problem-Solving Abilities of Large Language Models
  3. 2024Puzzle Solving using Reasoning of Large Language Models: A Survey
  4. 2026The IOL-AI Challenge: An Open Challenge towards Advancing Linguistic Reasoning
  5. 2023Large Language Models on the Chessboard: A Study on ChatGPT's Formal Language Comprehension and Complex Reasoning Skills
  6. 2024Evaluating Large Vision-and-Language Models on Children's Mathematical Olympiads
  7. 2026FrontierScience: Evaluating AI's Ability to Perform Expert-Level Scientific Tasks
  8. 2025ChessArena: A Chess Testbed for Evaluating Strategic Reasoning Capabilities of Large Language Models