Towards Stable and Effective Reinforcement Learning for Mixture-of-Experts
On the map: LLM reasoning → Reinforcement learning for reasoning
also in 1 more
Abstract (arXiv)
Recent advances in reinforcement learning (RL) have substantially improved the training of large-scale language models, leading to significant gains in generation quality and reasoning ability. However, most existing research focuses on dense models, while RL training for Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures remains underexplored. To address the instability commonly observed in MoE training, we propose a novel router-aware approach to optimize importance sampling (IS) weights in off-policy RL. Specifically, we design a rescaling strategy guided by router logits, which effectively reduces gradient variance and mitigates training divergence. Experimental results demonstrate that our method significantly improves both the convergence stability and the final performance of MoE models, highlighting the potential of RL algorithmic innovations tailored to MoE architectures and providing a promising direction for efficient training of large-scale expert models.
Key facts. Cited by 6 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Reinforcement learning for reasoning, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 20 of its 26 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 27 Oct 2025.
Builds on
20 of 26 references.
Closest ancestors · 5
Same direction, newest first
- 2025Geometric-Mean Policy Optimization28 Jul
- 2025Ring-lite: Scalable Reasoning via C3PO-Stabilized Reinforcement Learning for LLMs17 Jun
- 2025Understanding R1-Zero-Like Training: A Critical Perspective26 Mar
- 2025DAPO: An Open-Source LLM Reinforcement Learning System at Scale18 Mar
- 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithms20 Jul
Other references · 15
- 2024DeepSeekMath: Pushing the Limits of Mathematical Reasoning in Open Language Modelscited by 8,851
- 2025Qwen3 Technical Reportcited by 8,195
- 2021Measuring Mathematical Problem Solving With the MATH Datasetcited by 5,203
- 2021Switch Transformers: Scaling to Trillion Parameter Models with Simple and Efficient Sparsitycited by 3,014
- 2022Solving Quantitative Reasoning Problems with Language Modelscited by 1,359
- 2025Group Sequence Policy Optimizationcited by 788
- 2022Mixture-of-Experts with Expert Choice Routingcited by 611
- 2024Omni-MATH: A Universal Olympiad Level Mathematic Benchmark For Large Language Modelscited by 277
- 2025MiniMax-M1: Scaling Test-Time Compute Efficiently with Lightning Attentioncited by 248
- 2023From Sparse to Soft Mixtures of Expertscited by 245
- 2024Auxiliary-Loss-Free Load Balancing Strategy for Mixture-of-Expertscited by 191
- 2022StableMoE: Stable Routing Strategy for Mixture of Expertscited by 98
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2026: 6.
6 papers.
- 2026Probing RLVR training instability through the lens of objective-level hackingcited by 3
- 2026MoRSE: Task-Oriented Multi-Agent System with Mixture of Role-Subtask Expertscited by 2
- 2026PR2: Predictive Routing Replay for MoE-Based LLM Reinforcement Learningcited by 1
- 2026PADD: Path-Aligned Decompression Distillation for Non-Router Teacher to Guide MoE Student Learningcited by 0
- 2026Expert-Space Exploration in MoE Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
- 2026Rethinking Training-Inference Mismatch in LLM Reinforcement Learning: Where It Arises and How to Correct Itcited by 0
- 2026Rethinking Training-Inference Mismatch in LLM Reinforcement Learning: Where It Arises and How to Correct It26 Sep 2026
- 2026Expert-Space Exploration in MoE Reinforcement Learning11 Sep 2026
- 2026MoRSE: Task-Oriented Multi-Agent System with Mixture of Role-Subtask Experts10 Aug 2026
- 2026PADD: Path-Aligned Decompression Distillation for Non-Router Teacher to Guide MoE Student Learning9 Jun 2026
- 2026PR2: Predictive Routing Replay for MoE-Based LLM Reinforcement Learning29 May 2026
- 2026Probing RLVR training instability through the lens of objective-level hacking1 Feb 2026
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025Stabilizing MoE Reinforcement Learning by Aligning Training and Inference Routers
- 2026Phase-Aware Mixture of Experts for Agentic Reinforcement Learning
- 2024Mixtures of Experts Unlock Parameter Scaling for Deep RL
- 2026RoutePack: Expert Placement and Attention-Aware Data Packing for MoE Reinforcement Learning
- 2025Mixture-of-Experts Meets In-Context Reinforcement Learning
- 2026MoE-GRPO: Optimizing Mixture-of-Experts via Reinforcement Learning in Vision-Language Models
- 2026ReLibra: Routing-Replay-Guided Load Balancing for MoE Training in Reinforcement Learning
- 2026Structuring MoE Expert Selection for Agentic Reinforcement Learning