UU-Mamba: Uncertainty-aware U-Mamba for Cardiac Image Segmentation

Biomedical image segmentation is critical for accurate identification and analysis of anatomical structures in medical imaging, particularly in cardiac MRI. Manual segmentation is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and prone to errors, highlighting the need for automated methods. However, current machine learning approaches face challenges like overfitting and data demands. To tackle these issues, we propose a new UU-Mamba model, integrating the U-Mamba model with the Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) optimizer and an uncertainty-aware loss function. SAM enhances generalization by locating flat minima in the loss landscape, thus reducing overfitting. The uncertainty-aware loss combines region-based, distribution-based, and pixel-based loss designs to improve segmentation accuracy and robustness. Evaluation of our method is performed on the ACDC cardiac dataset, outperforming state-of-the-art models including TransUNet, Swin-Unet, nnUNet, and nnFormer. Our approach achieves Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) and Mean Squared Error (MSE) scores, demonstrating its effectiveness in cardiac MRI segmentation.