mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Intrusion Tolerance for Networked Systems through Two-Level Feedback Control

arXiv 2404.01741 ↗First posted 2 Apr 2024cs.DC cs.AI cs.CRcited by 8

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Abstract (arXiv)

We formulate intrusion tolerance for a system with service replicas as a two-level optimal control problem. On the local level node controllers perform intrusion recovery, and on the global level a system controller manages the replication factor. The local and global control problems can be formulated as classical problems in operations research, namely, the machine replacement problem and the inventory replenishment problem. Based on this formulation, we design TOLERANCE, a novel control architecture for intrusion-tolerant systems. We prove that the optimal control strategies on both levels have threshold structure and design efficient algorithms for computing them. We implement and evaluate TOLERANCE in an emulation environment where we run 10 types of network intrusions. The results show that TOLERANCE can improve service availability and reduce operational cost compared with state-of-the-art intrusion-tolerant systems.

Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 22 of its 153 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 2 Apr 2024.

Builds on

22 of 153 references.

References · 22

  1. 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 14,441
  2. 2022Developing Optimal Causal Cyber-Defence Agents via Cyber Security Simulationcited by 37
  3. 2016Partially Observed Markov Decision Processes. Problem Sets and Internet Supplementcited by 34
  4. 2020Finding Effective Security Strategies through Reinforcement Learning and Self-Playcited by 32
  5. 2021The Confluence of Networks, Games and Learningcited by 26
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  7. 2023NASimEmu: Network Attack Simulator & Emulator for Training Agents Generalizing to Novel Scenarioscited by 20
  8. 2021Sublinear Regret for Learning POMDPscited by 19
  9. 2021Reinforcement Learning for Feedback-Enabled Cyber Resiliencecited by 18
  10. 2021Intrusion Prevention through Optimal Stoppingcited by 18
  11. 2023Inroads into Autonomous Network Defence using Explained Reinforcement Learningcited by 17
  12. 2023Out of the Cage: How Stochastic Parrots Win in Cyber Security Environmentscited by 17
10 more
  1. 2024Conjectural Online Learning with First-order Beliefs in Asymmetric Information Stochastic Gamescited by 14
  2. 2023Learning Near-Optimal Intrusion Responses Against Dynamic Attackerscited by 13
  3. 2023A Multiagent CyberBattleSim for RL Cyber Operation Agentscited by 8
  4. 2023Scalable Learning of Intrusion Responses through Recursive Decompositioncited by 8
  5. 2020Cross-Entropy Method Variants for Optimizationcited by 5
  6. 2018SBFT: a Scalable and Decentralized Trust Infrastructurecited by 3
  7. 2020Cyber Autonomy: Automating the Hacker- Self-healing, self-adaptive, automatic cyber defense systems and their impact to the industry, society and national securitycited by 3
  8. 2019MORPH: An Adaptive Framework for Efficient and Byzantine Fault-Tolerant SDN Control Planecited by 1
  9. 2023Mathematical Modeling of Cyber Resiliencecited by 1
  10. 2023An Experimentation Infrastructure for Quantitative Measurements of Cyber Resiliencecited by 1

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 1; 2025: 3; 2026: 4.

8 papers.

  1. 2024Optimal Defender Strategies for CAGE-2 using Causal Modeling and Tree Searchcited by 12
  2. 2025SoK: Trust-Authorization Mismatch in LLM Agent Interactionscited by 11
  3. 2025Incident Response Planning Using a Lightweight Large Language Model with Reduced Hallucinationcited by 10
  4. 2025Online Incident Response Planning under Model Misspecification through Bayesian Learning and Belief Quantizationcited by 5
  5. 2026CSLE: A Reinforcement Learning Platform for Autonomous Security Managementcited by 5
  6. 2026In-Context Autonomous Network Incident Response: An End-to-End Large Language Model Agent Approachcited by 4
  7. 2026Hallucination-Resistant Security Planning with a Large Language Modelcited by 1
  8. 2026The MAL Simulator: Cyber Operations Simulation based on Attack & Defense Graphscited by 0