IndicLLMSuite: A Blueprint for Creating Pre-training and Fine-Tuning Datasets for Indian Languages
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Abstract (arXiv)
Despite the considerable advancements in English LLMs, the progress in building comparable models for other languages has been hindered due to the scarcity of tailored resources. Our work aims to bridge this divide by introducing an expansive suite of resources specifically designed for the development of Indic LLMs, covering 22 languages, containing a total of 251B tokens and 74.8M instruction-response pairs. Recognizing the importance of both data quality and quantity, our approach combines highly curated manually verified data, unverified yet valuable data, and synthetic data. We build a clean, open-source pipeline for curating pre-training data from diverse sources, including websites, PDFs, and videos, incorporating best practices for crawling, cleaning, flagging, and deduplication. For instruction-fine tuning, we amalgamate existing Indic datasets, translate/transliterate English datasets into Indian languages, and utilize LLaMa2 and Mixtral models to create conversations grounded in articles from Indian Wikipedia and Wikihow. Additionally, we address toxicity alignment by generating toxic prompts for multiple scenarios and then generate non-toxic responses by feeding these toxic prompts to an aligned LLaMa2 model. We hope that the datasets, tools, and resources released as a part of this work will not only propel the research and development of Indic LLMs but also establish an open-source blueprint for extending such efforts to other languages. The data and other artifacts created as part of this work are released with permissive licenses.
Key facts. Cited by 52 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 25 of its 53 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Mar 2024.
Builds on
25 of 53 references.
References · 25
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13 more
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 13; 2025: 26; 2026: 13.
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- 2024INDIC QA BENCHMARK: A Multilingual Benchmark to Evaluate Question Answering capability of LLMs for Indic Languagescited by 24
- 2024Adapting Multilingual LLMs to Low-Resource Languages using Continued Pre-training and Synthetic Corpuscited by 24
- 2024An Empirical Comparison of Vocabulary Expansion and Initialization Approaches for Language Modelscited by 20
- 2024Layer Swapping for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer in Large Language Modelscited by 20
- 2024One Model is All You Need: ByT5-Sanskrit, a Unified Model for Sanskrit NLP Taskscited by 15
- 2024Better to Ask in English: Evaluation of Large Language Models on English, Low-resource and Cross-Lingual Settingscited by 14
- 2024Quality or Quantity? On Data Scale and Diversity in Adapting Large Language Models for Low-Resource Translationcited by 13
- 2025SemEval-2025 Task 7: Multilingual and Crosslingual Fact-Checked Claim Retrievalcited by 11
- 2025One Tokenizer To Rule Them All: Emergent Language Plasticity via Multilingual Tokenizerscited by 11
- 2025The Multilingual Divide and Its Impact on Global AI Safetycited by 10
- 2025TALES: A Taxonomy and Analysis of Cultural Representations in LLM-generated Storiescited by 10
- 2025Krutrim LLM: Multilingual Foundational Model for over a Billion Peoplecited by 9
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- 2025Crowdsource, Crawl, or Generate? Creating SEA-VL, a Multicultural Vision-Language Dataset for Southeast Asiacited by 8
- 2025Script Fragmentation and Format: What Drives the English-Bengali Performance Gap in Open LLMs?cited by 8
- 2025Guardians and Offenders: A Survey on Harmful Content Generation and Safety Mitigation of LLMcited by 8
- 2024Rasa: Building Expressive Speech Synthesis Systems for Indian Languages in Low-resource Settingscited by 6
- 2025Bhaasha, Bhasa, Zaban: A Survey for Low-Resourced Languages in South Asia -- Current Stage and Challengescited by 6
- 2025MorphTok: Morphologically Grounded Tokenization for Indian Languagescited by 5
- 2025PARAM-1 BharatGen 2.9B Modelcited by 5
- 2025SenWiCh: Sense-Annotation of Low-Resource Languages for WiC using Hybrid Methodscited by 4
- 2025UPDESH: Synthesizing Grounded Instruction Tuning Data for 13 Indic Languagescited by 4
- 2025Multilingual State Space Models for Structured Question Answering in Indic Languagescited by 3
- 2025Pragyaan: Designing and Curating High-Quality Cultural Post-Training Datasets for Indian Languagescited by 3
- 2026"UberWeb: Insights from Multilingual Curation for a 20-Trillion-Token Datasetcited by 3
- 2024Enhancing Out-of-Vocabulary Performance of Indian TTS Systems for Practical Applications through Low-Effort Data Strategiescited by 2
- 2024Benchmarking and Building Zero-Shot Hindi Retrieval Model with Hindi-BEIR and NLLB-E5cited by 2
- 2024IndicSentEval: How Effectively do Multilingual Transformer Models encode Linguistic Properties for Indic Languages?cited by 2
- 2024ELAICHI: Enhancing Low-resource TTS by Addressing Infrequent and Low-frequency Character Bigramscited by 2
- 2025UNITYAI-GUARD: Pioneering Toxicity Detection Across Low-Resource Indian Languagescited by 2
- 2025Mark My Words: A Robust Multilingual Model for Punctuation in Text and Speech Transcriptscited by 2
- 2025Multilingual Tokenization through the Lens of Indian Languages: Challenges and Insightscited by 2
- 2025Mangosteen: An Open Thai Corpus for Language Model Pretrainingcited by 2
- 2025MUTANT: A Recipe for Multilingual Tokenizer Designcited by 2
- 2025BhashaKritika: Building Synthetic Pretraining Data at Scale for Indic Languagescited by 2
- 2026Layer-wise Swapping for Generalizable Multilingual Safetycited by 2
- 2026BrahmicTokenizer-131K: An Indic-Capable Drop-In Replacement for o200k_basecited by 2
- 2024Pralekha: Cross-Lingual Document Alignment for Indic Languagescited by 1
- 2025Improving Multilingual Capabilities with Cultural and Local Knowledge in Large Language Models While Enhancing Native Performancecited by 1
- 2025ELR-1000: A Community-Generated Dataset for Endangered Indic Indigenous Languagescited by 1
- 2025Rice-VL: Evaluating Vision-Language Models for Cultural Understanding Across ASEAN Countriescited by 1
- 2025TIFIN India at SemEval-2025: Harnessing Translation to Overcome Multilingual IR Challenges in Fact-Checked Claim Retrievalcited by 0
- 2026BYOL: Bring Your Own Language Into LLMscited by 0
- 2026RECAP: A Resource-Efficient Method for Adversarial Prompting in Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026IndicIFEval: A Benchmark for Verifiable Instruction-Following Evaluation in 14 Indic Languagescited by 0
- 2026Chitrakshara: A Large Multilingual Multimodal Dataset for Indian languagescited by 0
- 2026HiMed: Incentivizing Hindi Reasoning in Medical LLMscited by 0
- 2026Evaluating Cross-lingual Knowledge Consistency in Code-Mixed vis-a-vis Indian Languages using IndicKLARcited by 0
- 2026Indi-RomCoM: Code-Mixed Benchmark for Evaluating LLMs on Romanized Indic-English Instructionscited by 0
- 2026IndicTalk: A Large-Scale Persona-Based Multilingual Conversational Corpus for Indic Languagescited by 0
50 most cited of 52 All 52 (JSON)
- 2026Structural Silence: When AI Infrastructure Fails Speakers of Underrepresented Languages12 Aug 2026
- 2026Beyond Initialization Loss: A Systematic Study of Token Embedding Initialization Strategies for LLM Vocabulary Extension4 Aug 2026
- 2026IndicTalk: A Large-Scale Persona-Based Multilingual Conversational Corpus for Indic Languages25 Jul 2026
- 2026Indi-RomCoM: Code-Mixed Benchmark for Evaluating LLMs on Romanized Indic-English Instructions29 Jun 2026
- 2026Evaluating Cross-lingual Knowledge Consistency in Code-Mixed vis-a-vis Indian Languages using IndicKLAR28 May 2026
- 2026BrahmicTokenizer-131K: An Indic-Capable Drop-In Replacement for o200k_base28 May 2026
- 2026HiMed: Incentivizing Hindi Reasoning in Medical LLMs23 May 2026
- 2026Chitrakshara: A Large Multilingual Multimodal Dataset for Indian languages6 Mar 2026
- 2026IndicIFEval: A Benchmark for Verifiable Instruction-Following Evaluation in 14 Indic Languages25 Feb 2026
- 2026"UberWeb: Insights from Multilingual Curation for a 20-Trillion-Token Dataset16 Feb 2026
- 2026Layer-wise Swapping for Generalizable Multilingual Safety30 Jan 2026
- 2026RECAP: A Resource-Efficient Method for Adversarial Prompting in Large Language Models20 Jan 2026
38 more
- 2026BYOL: Bring Your Own Language Into LLMs15 Jan 2026
- 2025Rice-VL: Evaluating Vision-Language Models for Cultural Understanding Across ASEAN Countries1 Dec 2025
- 2025ELR-1000: A Community-Generated Dataset for Endangered Indic Indigenous Languages30 Nov 2025
- 2025TALES: A Taxonomy and Analysis of Cultural Representations in LLM-generated Stories26 Nov 2025
- 2025BhashaKritika: Building Synthetic Pretraining Data at Scale for Indic Languages13 Nov 2025
- 2025MUTANT: A Recipe for Multilingual Tokenizer Design5 Nov 2025
- 2025Pragyaan: Designing and Curating High-Quality Cultural Post-Training Datasets for Indian Languages8 Oct 2025
- 2025UPDESH: Synthesizing Grounded Instruction Tuning Data for 13 Indic Languages25 Sep 2025
- 2025Bhaasha, Bhasa, Zaban: A Survey for Low-Resourced Languages in South Asia -- Current Stage and Challenges15 Sep 2025
- 2025Guardians and Offenders: A Survey on Harmful Content Generation and Safety Mitigation of LLM7 Aug 2025
- 2025Script Fragmentation and Format: What Drives the English-Bengali Performance Gap in Open LLMs?31 Jul 2025
- 2025Mangosteen: An Open Thai Corpus for Language Model Pretraining19 Jul 2025
- 2025PARAM-1 BharatGen 2.9B Model16 Jul 2025
- 2025Multilingual Tokenization through the Lens of Indian Languages: Challenges and Insights21 Jun 2025
- 2025One Tokenizer To Rule Them All: Emergent Language Plasticity via Multilingual Tokenizers12 Jun 2025
- 2025Mark My Words: A Robust Multilingual Model for Punctuation in Text and Speech Transcripts4 Jun 2025
- 2025SenWiCh: Sense-Annotation of Low-Resource Languages for WiC using Hybrid Methods29 May 2025
- 2025The Multilingual Divide and Its Impact on Global AI Safety27 May 2025
- 2025SemEval-2025 Task 7: Multilingual and Crosslingual Fact-Checked Claim Retrieval15 May 2025
- 2025TIFIN India at SemEval-2025: Harnessing Translation to Overcome Multilingual IR Challenges in Fact-Checked Claim Retrieval23 Apr 2025
- 2025MorphTok: Morphologically Grounded Tokenization for Indian Languages14 Apr 2025
- 2025Improving Multilingual Capabilities with Cultural and Local Knowledge in Large Language Models While Enhancing Native Performance13 Apr 2025
- 2025UNITYAI-GUARD: Pioneering Toxicity Detection Across Low-Resource Indian Languages29 Mar 2025
- 2025Crowdsource, Crawl, or Generate? Creating SEA-VL, a Multicultural Vision-Language Dataset for Southeast Asia10 Mar 2025
- 2025TituLLMs: A Family of Bangla LLMs with Comprehensive Benchmarking16 Feb 2025
- 2025Krutrim LLM: Multilingual Foundational Model for over a Billion People10 Feb 2025
- 2025Multilingual State Space Models for Structured Question Answering in Indic Languages1 Feb 2025
- 2024Pralekha: Cross-Lingual Document Alignment for Indic Languages28 Nov 2024
- 2024ELAICHI: Enhancing Low-resource TTS by Addressing Infrequent and Low-frequency Character Bigrams23 Oct 2024
- 2024Adapting Multilingual LLMs to Low-Resource Languages using Continued Pre-training and Synthetic Corpus18 Oct 2024
- 2024Better to Ask in English: Evaluation of Large Language Models on English, Low-resource and Cross-Lingual Settings17 Oct 2024
- 2024IndicSentEval: How Effectively do Multilingual Transformer Models encode Linguistic Properties for Indic Languages?3 Oct 2024
- 2024Layer Swapping for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer in Large Language Models2 Oct 2024
- 2024One Model is All You Need: ByT5-Sanskrit, a Unified Model for Sanskrit NLP Tasks20 Sep 2024
- 2024Benchmarking and Building Zero-Shot Hindi Retrieval Model with Hindi-BEIR and NLLB-E59 Sep 2024
- 2024Quality or Quantity? On Data Scale and Diversity in Adapting Large Language Models for Low-Resource Translation23 Aug 2024
- 2024Rasa: Building Expressive Speech Synthesis Systems for Indian Languages in Low-resource Settings19 Jul 2024
- 2024INDIC QA BENCHMARK: A Multilingual Benchmark to Evaluate Question Answering capability of LLMs for Indic Languages18 Jul 2024
50 newest of 52 All 52 (JSON)
- 2026HiMed: Incentivizing Hindi Reasoning in Medical LLMscited by 0
- 2026HiMed: Incentivizing Hindi Reasoning in Medical LLMs23 May 2026
- 2024INDIC QA BENCHMARK: A Multilingual Benchmark to Evaluate Question Answering capability of LLMs for Indic Languagescited by 24
- 2024An Empirical Comparison of Vocabulary Expansion and Initialization Approaches for Language Modelscited by 20
- 2024Layer Swapping for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer in Large Language Modelscited by 20
- 2024One Model is All You Need: ByT5-Sanskrit, a Unified Model for Sanskrit NLP Taskscited by 15
- 2024Better to Ask in English: Evaluation of Large Language Models on English, Low-resource and Cross-Lingual Settingscited by 14
- 2024Quality or Quantity? On Data Scale and Diversity in Adapting Large Language Models for Low-Resource Translationcited by 13
- 2025SemEval-2025 Task 7: Multilingual and Crosslingual Fact-Checked Claim Retrievalcited by 11
- 2025One Tokenizer To Rule Them All: Emergent Language Plasticity via Multilingual Tokenizerscited by 11
- 2025The Multilingual Divide and Its Impact on Global AI Safetycited by 10
- 2025TALES: A Taxonomy and Analysis of Cultural Representations in LLM-generated Storiescited by 10
- 2025Krutrim LLM: Multilingual Foundational Model for over a Billion Peoplecited by 9
- 2025TituLLMs: A Family of Bangla LLMs with Comprehensive Benchmarkingcited by 9
12 most cited of 45 All 45 (JSON)
- 2026Structural Silence: When AI Infrastructure Fails Speakers of Underrepresented Languages12 Aug 2026
- 2026Beyond Initialization Loss: A Systematic Study of Token Embedding Initialization Strategies for LLM Vocabulary Extension4 Aug 2026
- 2026IndicTalk: A Large-Scale Persona-Based Multilingual Conversational Corpus for Indic Languages25 Jul 2026
- 2026Indi-RomCoM: Code-Mixed Benchmark for Evaluating LLMs on Romanized Indic-English Instructions29 Jun 2026
- 2026Evaluating Cross-lingual Knowledge Consistency in Code-Mixed vis-a-vis Indian Languages using IndicKLAR28 May 2026
- 2026BrahmicTokenizer-131K: An Indic-Capable Drop-In Replacement for o200k_base28 May 2026
- 2026Chitrakshara: A Large Multilingual Multimodal Dataset for Indian languages6 Mar 2026
- 2026IndicIFEval: A Benchmark for Verifiable Instruction-Following Evaluation in 14 Indic Languages25 Feb 2026
- 2026"UberWeb: Insights from Multilingual Curation for a 20-Trillion-Token Dataset16 Feb 2026
- 2026BYOL: Bring Your Own Language Into LLMs15 Jan 2026
- 2025ELR-1000: A Community-Generated Dataset for Endangered Indic Indigenous Languages30 Nov 2025
- 2025TALES: A Taxonomy and Analysis of Cultural Representations in LLM-generated Stories26 Nov 2025
12 newest of 45 All 45 (JSON)