mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

IndicLLMSuite: A Blueprint for Creating Pre-training and Fine-Tuning Datasets for Indian Languages

arXiv 2403.06350 ↗First posted 11 Mar 2024cs.CLcited by 52

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Abstract (arXiv)

Despite the considerable advancements in English LLMs, the progress in building comparable models for other languages has been hindered due to the scarcity of tailored resources. Our work aims to bridge this divide by introducing an expansive suite of resources specifically designed for the development of Indic LLMs, covering 22 languages, containing a total of 251B tokens and 74.8M instruction-response pairs. Recognizing the importance of both data quality and quantity, our approach combines highly curated manually verified data, unverified yet valuable data, and synthetic data. We build a clean, open-source pipeline for curating pre-training data from diverse sources, including websites, PDFs, and videos, incorporating best practices for crawling, cleaning, flagging, and deduplication. For instruction-fine tuning, we amalgamate existing Indic datasets, translate/transliterate English datasets into Indian languages, and utilize LLaMa2 and Mixtral models to create conversations grounded in articles from Indian Wikipedia and Wikihow. Additionally, we address toxicity alignment by generating toxic prompts for multiple scenarios and then generate non-toxic responses by feeding these toxic prompts to an aligned LLaMa2 model. We hope that the datasets, tools, and resources released as a part of this work will not only propel the research and development of Indic LLMs but also establish an open-source blueprint for extending such efforts to other languages. The data and other artifacts created as part of this work are released with permissive licenses.

Key facts. Cited by 52 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 25 of its 53 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Mar 2024.

Builds on

25 of 53 references.

References · 25

  1. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
  2. 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,491
  3. 2019Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning at Scalecited by 3,907
  4. 2022Training a Helpful and Harmless Assistant with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedbackcited by 3,634
  5. 2022Self-Instruct: Aligning Language Models with Self-Generated Instructionscited by 2,674
  6. 2020The Pile: An 800GB Dataset of Diverse Text for Language Modelingcited by 2,346
  7. 2020mT5: A massively multilingual pre-trained text-to-text transformercited by 1,813
  8. 2022No Language Left Behind: Scaling Human-Centered Machine Translationcited by 1,290
  9. 2021Scaling Language Models: Methods, Analysis & Insights from Training Gophercited by 1,199
  10. 2023WizardLM: Empowering large pre-trained language models to follow complex instructionscited by 1,116
  11. 2023Enhancing Chat Language Models by Scaling High-quality Instructional Conversationscited by 825
  12. 2023The RefinedWeb Dataset for Falcon LLM: Outperforming Curated Corpora with Web Data, and Web Data Onlycited by 755
13 more
  1. 2023OpenAssistant Conversations -- Democratizing Large Language Model Alignmentcited by 712
  2. 2021Deduplicating Training Data Makes Language Models Bettercited by 705
  3. 2019CCNet: Extracting High Quality Monolingual Datasets from Web Crawl Datacited by 544
  4. 2023SemDeDup: Data-efficient learning at web-scale through semantic deduplicationcited by 295
  5. 2023IndicTrans2: Towards High-Quality and Accessible Machine Translation Models for all 22 Scheduled Indian Languagescited by 149
  6. 2022Scaling Laws and Interpretability of Learning from Repeated Datacited by 147
  7. 2022Towards a Cleaner Document-Oriented Multilingual Crawled Corpuscited by 143
  8. 2022Towards Leaving No Indic Language Behind: Building Monolingual Corpora, Benchmark and Models for Indic Languagescited by 99
  9. 2024Airavata: Introducing Hindi Instruction-tuned LLMcited by 32
  10. 2022Aksharantar: Open Indic-language Transliteration datasets and models for the Next Billion Userscited by 19
  11. 2020A Multilingual Parallel Corpora Collection Effort for Indian Languagescited by 16
  12. 2023Bhasha-Abhijnaanam: Native-script and romanized Language Identification for 22 Indic languagescited by 13
  13. 2022indic-punct: An automatic punctuation restoration and inverse text normalization framework for Indic languagescited by 3

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 13; 2025: 26; 2026: 13.

52 papers.

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  1. 2024INDIC QA BENCHMARK: A Multilingual Benchmark to Evaluate Question Answering capability of LLMs for Indic Languagescited by 24
  2. 2024Adapting Multilingual LLMs to Low-Resource Languages using Continued Pre-training and Synthetic Corpuscited by 24
  3. 2024An Empirical Comparison of Vocabulary Expansion and Initialization Approaches for Language Modelscited by 20
  4. 2024Layer Swapping for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer in Large Language Modelscited by 20
  5. 2024One Model is All You Need: ByT5-Sanskrit, a Unified Model for Sanskrit NLP Taskscited by 15
  6. 2024Better to Ask in English: Evaluation of Large Language Models on English, Low-resource and Cross-Lingual Settingscited by 14
  7. 2024Quality or Quantity? On Data Scale and Diversity in Adapting Large Language Models for Low-Resource Translationcited by 13
  8. 2025SemEval-2025 Task 7: Multilingual and Crosslingual Fact-Checked Claim Retrievalcited by 11
  9. 2025One Tokenizer To Rule Them All: Emergent Language Plasticity via Multilingual Tokenizerscited by 11
  10. 2025The Multilingual Divide and Its Impact on Global AI Safetycited by 10
  11. 2025TALES: A Taxonomy and Analysis of Cultural Representations in LLM-generated Storiescited by 10
  12. 2025Krutrim LLM: Multilingual Foundational Model for over a Billion Peoplecited by 9
38 more
  1. 2025TituLLMs: A Family of Bangla LLMs with Comprehensive Benchmarkingcited by 9
  2. 2025Crowdsource, Crawl, or Generate? Creating SEA-VL, a Multicultural Vision-Language Dataset for Southeast Asiacited by 8
  3. 2025Script Fragmentation and Format: What Drives the English-Bengali Performance Gap in Open LLMs?cited by 8
  4. 2025Guardians and Offenders: A Survey on Harmful Content Generation and Safety Mitigation of LLMcited by 8
  5. 2024Rasa: Building Expressive Speech Synthesis Systems for Indian Languages in Low-resource Settingscited by 6
  6. 2025Bhaasha, Bhasa, Zaban: A Survey for Low-Resourced Languages in South Asia -- Current Stage and Challengescited by 6
  7. 2025MorphTok: Morphologically Grounded Tokenization for Indian Languagescited by 5
  8. 2025PARAM-1 BharatGen 2.9B Modelcited by 5
  9. 2025SenWiCh: Sense-Annotation of Low-Resource Languages for WiC using Hybrid Methodscited by 4
  10. 2025UPDESH: Synthesizing Grounded Instruction Tuning Data for 13 Indic Languagescited by 4
  11. 2025Multilingual State Space Models for Structured Question Answering in Indic Languagescited by 3
  12. 2025Pragyaan: Designing and Curating High-Quality Cultural Post-Training Datasets for Indian Languagescited by 3
  13. 2026"UberWeb: Insights from Multilingual Curation for a 20-Trillion-Token Datasetcited by 3
  14. 2024Enhancing Out-of-Vocabulary Performance of Indian TTS Systems for Practical Applications through Low-Effort Data Strategiescited by 2
  15. 2024Benchmarking and Building Zero-Shot Hindi Retrieval Model with Hindi-BEIR and NLLB-E5cited by 2
  16. 2024IndicSentEval: How Effectively do Multilingual Transformer Models encode Linguistic Properties for Indic Languages?cited by 2
  17. 2024ELAICHI: Enhancing Low-resource TTS by Addressing Infrequent and Low-frequency Character Bigramscited by 2
  18. 2025UNITYAI-GUARD: Pioneering Toxicity Detection Across Low-Resource Indian Languagescited by 2
  19. 2025Mark My Words: A Robust Multilingual Model for Punctuation in Text and Speech Transcriptscited by 2
  20. 2025Multilingual Tokenization through the Lens of Indian Languages: Challenges and Insightscited by 2
  21. 2025Mangosteen: An Open Thai Corpus for Language Model Pretrainingcited by 2
  22. 2025MUTANT: A Recipe for Multilingual Tokenizer Designcited by 2
  23. 2025BhashaKritika: Building Synthetic Pretraining Data at Scale for Indic Languagescited by 2
  24. 2026Layer-wise Swapping for Generalizable Multilingual Safetycited by 2
  25. 2026BrahmicTokenizer-131K: An Indic-Capable Drop-In Replacement for o200k_basecited by 2
  26. 2024Pralekha: Cross-Lingual Document Alignment for Indic Languagescited by 1
  27. 2025Improving Multilingual Capabilities with Cultural and Local Knowledge in Large Language Models While Enhancing Native Performancecited by 1
  28. 2025ELR-1000: A Community-Generated Dataset for Endangered Indic Indigenous Languagescited by 1
  29. 2025Rice-VL: Evaluating Vision-Language Models for Cultural Understanding Across ASEAN Countriescited by 1
  30. 2025TIFIN India at SemEval-2025: Harnessing Translation to Overcome Multilingual IR Challenges in Fact-Checked Claim Retrievalcited by 0
  31. 2026BYOL: Bring Your Own Language Into LLMscited by 0
  32. 2026RECAP: A Resource-Efficient Method for Adversarial Prompting in Large Language Modelscited by 0
  33. 2026IndicIFEval: A Benchmark for Verifiable Instruction-Following Evaluation in 14 Indic Languagescited by 0
  34. 2026Chitrakshara: A Large Multilingual Multimodal Dataset for Indian languagescited by 0
  35. 2026HiMed: Incentivizing Hindi Reasoning in Medical LLMscited by 0
  36. 2026Evaluating Cross-lingual Knowledge Consistency in Code-Mixed vis-a-vis Indian Languages using IndicKLARcited by 0
  37. 2026Indi-RomCoM: Code-Mixed Benchmark for Evaluating LLMs on Romanized Indic-English Instructionscited by 0
  38. 2026IndicTalk: A Large-Scale Persona-Based Multilingual Conversational Corpus for Indic Languagescited by 0

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