mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

HAE-RAE Bench: Evaluation of Korean Knowledge in Language Models

arXiv 2309.02706 ↗First posted 6 Sep 2023cs.CLcited by 47

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Abstract (arXiv)

Large language models (LLMs) trained on massive corpora demonstrate impressive capabilities in a wide range of tasks. While there are ongoing efforts to adapt these models to languages beyond English, the attention given to their evaluation methodologies remains limited. Current multilingual benchmarks often rely on back translations or re-implementations of English tests, limiting their capacity to capture unique cultural and linguistic nuances. To bridge this gap for the Korean language, we introduce the HAE-RAE Bench, a dataset curated to challenge models lacking Korean cultural and contextual depth. The dataset encompasses six downstream tasks across four domains: vocabulary, history, general knowledge, and reading comprehension. Unlike traditional evaluation suites focused on token and sequence classification or mathematical and logical reasoning, the HAE-RAE Bench emphasizes a model's aptitude for recalling Korean-specific knowledge and cultural contexts. Comparative analysis with prior Korean benchmarks indicates that the HAE-RAE Bench presents a greater challenge to non-Korean models by disturbing abilities and knowledge learned from English being transferred.

Key facts. Cited by 47 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 43 of its 72 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 Sep 2023.

Builds on

43 of 72 references.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 11; 2025: 18; 2026: 18.

47 papers.

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  1. 2024BLEnD: A Benchmark for LLMs on Everyday Knowledge in Diverse Cultures and Languagescited by 171
  2. 2024KMMLU: Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding in Koreancited by 91
  3. 2024CLIcK: A Benchmark Dataset of Cultural and Linguistic Intelligence in Koreancited by 65
  4. 2024Multilingual Large Language Model: A Survey of Resources, Taxonomy and Frontierscited by 49
  5. 2025Understand, Solve and Translate: Bridging the Multilingual Mathematical Reasoning Gapcited by 41
  6. 2024LLM-as-a-Judge & Reward Model: What They Can and Cannot Docited by 32
  7. 2024Code-Switching Curriculum Learning for Multilingual Transfer in LLMscited by 26
  8. 2024BertaQA: How Much Do Language Models Know About Local Culture?cited by 23
  9. 2025Kanana: Compute-efficient Bilingual Language Modelscited by 19
  10. 2024HyperCLOVA X Technical Reportcited by 18
  11. 2025KoBALT: Korean Benchmark For Advanced Linguistic Taskscited by 12
  12. 2025Pushing on Multilingual Reasoning Models with Language-Mixed Chain-of-Thoughtcited by 10
35 more
  1. 2024KULTURE Bench: A Benchmark for Assessing Language Model in Korean Cultural Contextcited by 8
  2. 2025SaudiCulture: A Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models Cultural Competence within Saudi Arabiacited by 8
  3. 2025From KMMLU-Redux to KMMLU-Pro: A Professional Korean Benchmark Suite for LLM Evaluationcited by 6
  4. 2024Can Code-Switched Texts Activate a Knowledge Switch in LLMs? A Case Study on English-Korean Code-Switchingcited by 5
  5. 2024Developing a Pragmatic Benchmark for Assessing Korean Legal Language Understanding in Large Language Modelscited by 4
  6. 2025Multi-Step Reasoning in Korean and the Emergent Miragecited by 4
  7. 2025Trillion 7B Technical Reportcited by 4
  8. 2025TWICE: What Advantages Can Low-Resource Domain-Specific Embedding Model Bring? -- A Case Study on Korea Financial Textscited by 3
  9. 2025Controlling Language Confusion in Multilingual LLMscited by 3
  10. 2025BenchHub: A Unified Benchmark Suite for Holistic and Customizable LLM Evaluationcited by 3
  11. 2025MCEval: A Dynamic Framework for Fair Multilingual Cultural Evaluation of LLMscited by 3
  12. 2026HyperCLOVA X 8B Omnicited by 3
  13. 2026Mi:dm 2.0 Korea-centric Bilingual Language Modelscited by 3
  14. 2025Polishing Every Facet of the GEM: Testing Linguistic Competence of LLMs and Humans in Koreancited by 2
  15. 2026What Users Leave Unsaid: Under-Specified Queries Limit Vision-Language Modelscited by 2
  16. 2026Solar Open Technical Reportcited by 2
  17. 2026Solar Open 2 Technical Reportcited by 2
  18. 2025Redefining Evaluation Standards: A Unified Framework for Evaluating the Korean Capabilities of Language Modelscited by 1
  19. 2025Pay What LLM Wants: Can LLM Simulate Economics Experiment with 522 Real-human Persona?cited by 1
  20. 2026Pushing the Boundaries of Multiple Choice Evaluation to One Hundred Optionscited by 1
  21. 2026Optimizing Korean-Centric LLMs via Token Pruningcited by 1
  22. 2026K-FinHallu: A Hallucination Detection Benchmark for Multi-Turn RAG in Korean Financecited by 1
  23. 2025Making Sense of Korean Sentences: A Comprehensive Evaluation of LLMs through KoSEnd Datasetcited by 0
  24. 2025ixi-GEN: Efficient Industrial sLLMs through Domain Adaptive Continual Pretrainingcited by 0
  25. 2025KITE: A Benchmark for Evaluating Korean Instruction-Following Abilities in Large Language Modelscited by 0
  26. 2026From National Curricula to Cultural Awareness: Constructing Open-Ended Culture-Specific Question Answering Datasetcited by 0
  27. 2026LegalMidm: Use-Case-Driven Legal Domain Specialization for Korean Large Language Modelcited by 0
  28. 2026SemEval-2026 Task 7: Everyday Knowledge Across Diverse Languages and Culturescited by 0
  29. 2026Marginal Alignment Does Not Guarantee Joint-Distribution Fidelity: An Official-Reference Audit of Nemotron-Personas-Korea with Cross-Locale Replicationcited by 0
  30. 2026Ko-WideSearch: A Korean Breadth-Search Benchmark for Exhaustive Set Enumeration by Web Agentscited by 0
  31. 2026GLAN-QnA-KR: A Seedless Taxonomy-Driven Korean Instruction Corpuscited by 0
  32. 2026Opt.Gear Technical Reportcited by 0
  33. 2026Quantifying and Mitigating Korean Jamo-Level Typographical Vulnerabilities in Large Language Modelscited by 0
  34. 2026KoNeoBench: A Curated Evaluation Dataset for LLM Understanding of Korean Neologismscited by 0
  35. 2026CultureMINE: Datasets and Methods for Improving the Cultural Capabilities of NLP Systemscited by 0

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  2. 2025KoSimpleQA: A Korean Factuality Benchmark with an Analysis of Reasoning LLMs
  3. 2025KORMo: Korean Open Reasoning Model for Everyone
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  5. 2025ScholarBench: A Bilingual Benchmark for Abstraction, Comprehension, and Reasoning Evaluation in Academic Contexts
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  7. 2024Pragmatic Competence Evaluation of Large Language Models for the Korean Language
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