HAE-RAE Bench: Evaluation of Korean Knowledge in Language Models
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Large language models (LLMs) trained on massive corpora demonstrate impressive capabilities in a wide range of tasks. While there are ongoing efforts to adapt these models to languages beyond English, the attention given to their evaluation methodologies remains limited. Current multilingual benchmarks often rely on back translations or re-implementations of English tests, limiting their capacity to capture unique cultural and linguistic nuances. To bridge this gap for the Korean language, we introduce the HAE-RAE Bench, a dataset curated to challenge models lacking Korean cultural and contextual depth. The dataset encompasses six downstream tasks across four domains: vocabulary, history, general knowledge, and reading comprehension. Unlike traditional evaluation suites focused on token and sequence classification or mathematical and logical reasoning, the HAE-RAE Bench emphasizes a model's aptitude for recalling Korean-specific knowledge and cultural contexts. Comparative analysis with prior Korean benchmarks indicates that the HAE-RAE Bench presents a greater challenge to non-Korean models by disturbing abilities and knowledge learned from English being transferred.
Key facts. Cited by 47 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 43 of its 72 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 Sep 2023.
Builds on
43 of 72 references.
References · 43
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
- 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
- 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,132
- 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,712
- 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 13,958
- 2023Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Modelscited by 12,865
- 2021Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problemscited by 9,743
- 2020Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understandingcited by 7,768
- 2018GLUE: A Multi-Task Benchmark and Analysis Platform for Natural Language Understandingcited by 4,854
- 2019HellaSwag: Can a Machine Really Finish Your Sentence?cited by 4,018
- 2022Scaling Instruction-Finetuned Language Modelscited by 2,997
31 more
- 2022Training Compute-Optimal Large Language Modelscited by 2,927
- 2023A Survey of Large Language Modelscited by 2,537
- 2019BoolQ: Exploring the Surprising Difficulty of Natural Yes/No Questionscited by 2,140
- 2022Beyond the Imitation Game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language modelscited by 1,970
- 2022BLOOM: A 176B-Parameter Open-Access Multilingual Language Modelcited by 1,968
- 2020mT5: A massively multilingual pre-trained text-to-text transformercited by 1,813
- 2022Challenging BIG-Bench Tasks and Whether Chain-of-Thought Can Solve Themcited by 1,767
- 2019SuperGLUE: A Stickier Benchmark for General-Purpose Language Understanding Systemscited by 1,718
- 2023WizardLM: Empowering large pre-trained language models to follow complex instructionscited by 1,116
- 2016The LAMBADA dataset: Word prediction requiring a broad discourse contextcited by 960
- 2018XNLI: Evaluating Cross-lingual Sentence Representationscited by 913
- 2022GLM-130B: An Open Bilingual Pre-trained Modelcited by 837
- 2023The RefinedWeb Dataset for Falcon LLM: Outperforming Curated Corpora with Web Data, and Web Data Onlycited by 755
- 2022Language Models are Multilingual Chain-of-Thought Reasonerscited by 518
- 2020TyDi QA: A Benchmark for Information-Seeking Question Answering in Typologically Diverse Languagescited by 486
- 2023CMMLU: Measuring massive multitask language understanding in Chinesecited by 436
- 2018WiC: the Word-in-Context Dataset for Evaluating Context-Sensitive Meaning Representationscited by 370
- 2023Efficient and Effective Text Encoding for Chinese LLaMA and Alpacacited by 302
- 2021Few-shot Learning with Multilingual Language Modelscited by 278
- 2023Not All Languages Are Created Equal in LLMs: Improving Multilingual Capability by Cross-Lingual-Thought Promptingcited by 163
- 2023Platypus: Quick, Cheap, and Powerful Refinement of LLMscited by 150
- 2023UniMax: Fairer and more Effective Language Sampling for Large-Scale Multilingual Pretrainingcited by 147
- 2021KLUE: Korean Language Understanding Evaluationcited by 113
- 2018How Much Reading Does Reading Comprehension Require? A Critical Investigation of Popular Benchmarkscited by 86
- 2021What Changes Can Large-scale Language Models Bring? Intensive Study on HyperCLOVA: Billions-scale Korean Generative Pretrained Transformerscited by 75
- 2020KorNLI and KorSTS: New Benchmark Datasets for Korean Natural Language Understandingcited by 37
- 2022KOBEST: Korean Balanced Evaluation of Significant Taskscited by 37
- 2023A Technical Report for Polyglot-Ko: Open-Source Large-Scale Korean Language Modelscited by 22
- 2023Removing Non-Stationary Knowledge From Pre-Trained Language Models for Entity-Level Sentiment Classification in Financecited by 7
- 2022Cascading Biases: Investigating the Effect of Heuristic Annotation Strategies on Data and Modelscited by 4
- 2022Enhancing Cross-lingual Prompting with Dual Prompt Augmentationcited by 3
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 11; 2025: 18; 2026: 18.
47 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2024BLEnD: A Benchmark for LLMs on Everyday Knowledge in Diverse Cultures and Languagescited by 171
- 2024KMMLU: Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding in Koreancited by 91
- 2024CLIcK: A Benchmark Dataset of Cultural and Linguistic Intelligence in Koreancited by 65
- 2024Multilingual Large Language Model: A Survey of Resources, Taxonomy and Frontierscited by 49
- 2025Understand, Solve and Translate: Bridging the Multilingual Mathematical Reasoning Gapcited by 41
- 2024LLM-as-a-Judge & Reward Model: What They Can and Cannot Docited by 32
- 2024Code-Switching Curriculum Learning for Multilingual Transfer in LLMscited by 26
- 2024BertaQA: How Much Do Language Models Know About Local Culture?cited by 23
- 2025Kanana: Compute-efficient Bilingual Language Modelscited by 19
- 2024HyperCLOVA X Technical Reportcited by 18
- 2025KoBALT: Korean Benchmark For Advanced Linguistic Taskscited by 12
- 2025Pushing on Multilingual Reasoning Models with Language-Mixed Chain-of-Thoughtcited by 10
35 more
- 2024KULTURE Bench: A Benchmark for Assessing Language Model in Korean Cultural Contextcited by 8
- 2025SaudiCulture: A Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models Cultural Competence within Saudi Arabiacited by 8
- 2025From KMMLU-Redux to KMMLU-Pro: A Professional Korean Benchmark Suite for LLM Evaluationcited by 6
- 2024Can Code-Switched Texts Activate a Knowledge Switch in LLMs? A Case Study on English-Korean Code-Switchingcited by 5
- 2024Developing a Pragmatic Benchmark for Assessing Korean Legal Language Understanding in Large Language Modelscited by 4
- 2025Multi-Step Reasoning in Korean and the Emergent Miragecited by 4
- 2025Trillion 7B Technical Reportcited by 4
- 2025TWICE: What Advantages Can Low-Resource Domain-Specific Embedding Model Bring? -- A Case Study on Korea Financial Textscited by 3
- 2025Controlling Language Confusion in Multilingual LLMscited by 3
- 2025BenchHub: A Unified Benchmark Suite for Holistic and Customizable LLM Evaluationcited by 3
- 2025MCEval: A Dynamic Framework for Fair Multilingual Cultural Evaluation of LLMscited by 3
- 2026HyperCLOVA X 8B Omnicited by 3
- 2026Mi:dm 2.0 Korea-centric Bilingual Language Modelscited by 3
- 2025Polishing Every Facet of the GEM: Testing Linguistic Competence of LLMs and Humans in Koreancited by 2
- 2026What Users Leave Unsaid: Under-Specified Queries Limit Vision-Language Modelscited by 2
- 2026Solar Open Technical Reportcited by 2
- 2026Solar Open 2 Technical Reportcited by 2
- 2025Redefining Evaluation Standards: A Unified Framework for Evaluating the Korean Capabilities of Language Modelscited by 1
- 2025Pay What LLM Wants: Can LLM Simulate Economics Experiment with 522 Real-human Persona?cited by 1
- 2026Pushing the Boundaries of Multiple Choice Evaluation to One Hundred Optionscited by 1
- 2026Optimizing Korean-Centric LLMs via Token Pruningcited by 1
- 2026K-FinHallu: A Hallucination Detection Benchmark for Multi-Turn RAG in Korean Financecited by 1
- 2025Making Sense of Korean Sentences: A Comprehensive Evaluation of LLMs through KoSEnd Datasetcited by 0
- 2025ixi-GEN: Efficient Industrial sLLMs through Domain Adaptive Continual Pretrainingcited by 0
- 2025KITE: A Benchmark for Evaluating Korean Instruction-Following Abilities in Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026From National Curricula to Cultural Awareness: Constructing Open-Ended Culture-Specific Question Answering Datasetcited by 0
- 2026LegalMidm: Use-Case-Driven Legal Domain Specialization for Korean Large Language Modelcited by 0
- 2026SemEval-2026 Task 7: Everyday Knowledge Across Diverse Languages and Culturescited by 0
- 2026Marginal Alignment Does Not Guarantee Joint-Distribution Fidelity: An Official-Reference Audit of Nemotron-Personas-Korea with Cross-Locale Replicationcited by 0
- 2026Ko-WideSearch: A Korean Breadth-Search Benchmark for Exhaustive Set Enumeration by Web Agentscited by 0
- 2026GLAN-QnA-KR: A Seedless Taxonomy-Driven Korean Instruction Corpuscited by 0
- 2026Opt.Gear Technical Reportcited by 0
- 2026Quantifying and Mitigating Korean Jamo-Level Typographical Vulnerabilities in Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026KoNeoBench: A Curated Evaluation Dataset for LLM Understanding of Korean Neologismscited by 0
- 2026CultureMINE: Datasets and Methods for Improving the Cultural Capabilities of NLP Systemscited by 0
- 2026CultureMINE: Datasets and Methods for Improving the Cultural Capabilities of NLP Systems18 Sep 2026
- 2026KoNeoBench: A Curated Evaluation Dataset for LLM Understanding of Korean Neologisms17 Sep 2026
- 2026Quantifying and Mitigating Korean Jamo-Level Typographical Vulnerabilities in Large Language Models31 Aug 2026
- 2026Opt.Gear Technical Report2 Aug 2026
- 2026Solar Open 2 Technical Report22 Jul 2026
- 2026Ko-WideSearch: A Korean Breadth-Search Benchmark for Exhaustive Set Enumeration by Web Agents25 Jun 2026
- 2026K-FinHallu: A Hallucination Detection Benchmark for Multi-Turn RAG in Korean Finance28 May 2026
- 2026Marginal Alignment Does Not Guarantee Joint-Distribution Fidelity: An Official-Reference Audit of Nemotron-Personas-Korea with Cross-Locale Replication15 May 2026
- 2026GLAN-QnA-KR: A Seedless Taxonomy-Driven Korean Instruction Corpus12 May 2026
- 2026SemEval-2026 Task 7: Everyday Knowledge Across Diverse Languages and Cultures4 May 2026
- 2026LegalMidm: Use-Case-Driven Legal Domain Specialization for Korean Large Language Model28 Apr 2026
- 2026Optimizing Korean-Centric LLMs via Token Pruning17 Apr 2026
35 more
- 2026Pushing the Boundaries of Multiple Choice Evaluation to One Hundred Options16 Apr 2026
- 2026Mi:dm 2.0 Korea-centric Bilingual Language Models14 Jan 2026
- 2026Solar Open Technical Report11 Jan 2026
- 2026From National Curricula to Cultural Awareness: Constructing Open-Ended Culture-Specific Question Answering Dataset8 Jan 2026
- 2026What Users Leave Unsaid: Under-Specified Queries Limit Vision-Language Models7 Jan 2026
- 2026HyperCLOVA X 8B Omni5 Jan 2026
- 2025KITE: A Benchmark for Evaluating Korean Instruction-Following Abilities in Large Language Models17 Oct 2025
- 2025Pushing on Multilingual Reasoning Models with Language-Mixed Chain-of-Thought5 Oct 2025
- 2025Pay What LLM Wants: Can LLM Simulate Economics Experiment with 522 Real-human Persona?5 Aug 2025
- 2025MCEval: A Dynamic Framework for Fair Multilingual Cultural Evaluation of LLMs13 Jul 2025
- 2025From KMMLU-Redux to KMMLU-Pro: A Professional Korean Benchmark Suite for LLM Evaluation11 Jul 2025
- 2025ixi-GEN: Efficient Industrial sLLMs through Domain Adaptive Continual Pretraining9 Jul 2025
- 2025Making Sense of Korean Sentences: A Comprehensive Evaluation of LLMs through KoSEnd Dataset4 Jul 2025
- 2025Polishing Every Facet of the GEM: Testing Linguistic Competence of LLMs and Humans in Korean2 Jun 2025
- 2025BenchHub: A Unified Benchmark Suite for Holistic and Customizable LLM Evaluation31 May 2025
- 2025Controlling Language Confusion in Multilingual LLMs25 May 2025
- 2025KoBALT: Korean Benchmark For Advanced Linguistic Tasks22 May 2025
- 2025Trillion 7B Technical Report21 Apr 2025
- 2025Redefining Evaluation Standards: A Unified Framework for Evaluating the Korean Capabilities of Language Models29 Mar 2025
- 2025SaudiCulture: A Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models Cultural Competence within Saudi Arabia21 Mar 2025
- 2025Kanana: Compute-efficient Bilingual Language Models26 Feb 2025
- 2025TWICE: What Advantages Can Low-Resource Domain-Specific Embedding Model Bring? -- A Case Study on Korea Financial Texts10 Feb 2025
- 2025Multi-Step Reasoning in Korean and the Emergent Mirage10 Jan 2025
- 2025Understand, Solve and Translate: Bridging the Multilingual Mathematical Reasoning Gap5 Jan 2025
- 2024KULTURE Bench: A Benchmark for Assessing Language Model in Korean Cultural Context10 Dec 2024
- 2024Code-Switching Curriculum Learning for Multilingual Transfer in LLMs4 Nov 2024
- 2024Can Code-Switched Texts Activate a Knowledge Switch in LLMs? A Case Study on English-Korean Code-Switching24 Oct 2024
- 2024Developing a Pragmatic Benchmark for Assessing Korean Legal Language Understanding in Large Language Models11 Oct 2024
- 2024LLM-as-a-Judge & Reward Model: What They Can and Cannot Do17 Sep 2024
- 2024BLEnD: A Benchmark for LLMs on Everyday Knowledge in Diverse Cultures and Languages14 Jun 2024
- 2024BertaQA: How Much Do Language Models Know About Local Culture?11 Jun 2024
- 2024Multilingual Large Language Model: A Survey of Resources, Taxonomy and Frontiers7 Apr 2024
- 2024HyperCLOVA X Technical Report2 Apr 2024
- 2024CLIcK: A Benchmark Dataset of Cultural and Linguistic Intelligence in Korean11 Mar 2024
- 2024KMMLU: Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding in Korean18 Feb 2024
- 2024Multilingual Large Language Model: A Survey of Resources, Taxonomy and Frontierscited by 49
- 2025Understand, Solve and Translate: Bridging the Multilingual Mathematical Reasoning Gapcited by 41
- 2025Pushing on Multilingual Reasoning Models with Language-Mixed Chain-of-Thoughtcited by 10
- 2025Multi-Step Reasoning in Korean and the Emergent Miragecited by 4
- 2025Pushing on Multilingual Reasoning Models with Language-Mixed Chain-of-Thought5 Oct 2025
- 2025Multi-Step Reasoning in Korean and the Emergent Mirage10 Jan 2025
- 2025Understand, Solve and Translate: Bridging the Multilingual Mathematical Reasoning Gap5 Jan 2025
- 2024Multilingual Large Language Model: A Survey of Resources, Taxonomy and Frontiers7 Apr 2024
- 2026Solar Open Technical Reportcited by 2
- 2026GLAN-QnA-KR: A Seedless Taxonomy-Driven Korean Instruction Corpuscited by 0
- 2026GLAN-QnA-KR: A Seedless Taxonomy-Driven Korean Instruction Corpus12 May 2026
- 2026Solar Open Technical Report11 Jan 2026
- 2024LLM-as-a-Judge & Reward Model: What They Can and Cannot Docited by 32
- 2024LLM-as-a-Judge & Reward Model: What They Can and Cannot Do17 Sep 2024
- 2026Optimizing Korean-Centric LLMs via Token Pruningcited by 1
- 2026Optimizing Korean-Centric LLMs via Token Pruning17 Apr 2026
- 2024BLEnD: A Benchmark for LLMs on Everyday Knowledge in Diverse Cultures and Languagescited by 171
- 2024KMMLU: Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding in Koreancited by 91
- 2024CLIcK: A Benchmark Dataset of Cultural and Linguistic Intelligence in Koreancited by 65
- 2024Code-Switching Curriculum Learning for Multilingual Transfer in LLMscited by 26
- 2024BertaQA: How Much Do Language Models Know About Local Culture?cited by 23
- 2025Kanana: Compute-efficient Bilingual Language Modelscited by 19
- 2024HyperCLOVA X Technical Reportcited by 18
- 2025KoBALT: Korean Benchmark For Advanced Linguistic Taskscited by 12
- 2024KULTURE Bench: A Benchmark for Assessing Language Model in Korean Cultural Contextcited by 8
- 2025SaudiCulture: A Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models Cultural Competence within Saudi Arabiacited by 8
- 2025From KMMLU-Redux to KMMLU-Pro: A Professional Korean Benchmark Suite for LLM Evaluationcited by 6
- 2024Can Code-Switched Texts Activate a Knowledge Switch in LLMs? A Case Study on English-Korean Code-Switchingcited by 5
12 most cited of 35 All 35 (JSON)
- 2026CultureMINE: Datasets and Methods for Improving the Cultural Capabilities of NLP Systems18 Sep 2026
- 2026KoNeoBench: A Curated Evaluation Dataset for LLM Understanding of Korean Neologisms17 Sep 2026
- 2026Quantifying and Mitigating Korean Jamo-Level Typographical Vulnerabilities in Large Language Models31 Aug 2026
- 2026Opt.Gear Technical Report2 Aug 2026
- 2026Marginal Alignment Does Not Guarantee Joint-Distribution Fidelity: An Official-Reference Audit of Nemotron-Personas-Korea with Cross-Locale Replication15 May 2026
- 2026SemEval-2026 Task 7: Everyday Knowledge Across Diverse Languages and Cultures4 May 2026
- 2026LegalMidm: Use-Case-Driven Legal Domain Specialization for Korean Large Language Model28 Apr 2026
- 2026Pushing the Boundaries of Multiple Choice Evaluation to One Hundred Options16 Apr 2026
- 2026Mi:dm 2.0 Korea-centric Bilingual Language Models14 Jan 2026
- 2026From National Curricula to Cultural Awareness: Constructing Open-Ended Culture-Specific Question Answering Dataset8 Jan 2026
- 2026HyperCLOVA X 8B Omni5 Jan 2026
- 2025KITE: A Benchmark for Evaluating Korean Instruction-Following Abilities in Large Language Models17 Oct 2025
12 newest of 35 All 35 (JSON)
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025Nunchi-Bench: Benchmarking Language Models on Cultural Reasoning with a Focus on Korean Superstition
- 2025KoSimpleQA: A Korean Factuality Benchmark with an Analysis of Reasoning LLMs
- 2025KORMo: Korean Open Reasoning Model for Everyone
- 2025Ko-MuSR: A Multistep Soft Reasoning Benchmark for LLMs Capable of Understanding Korean
- 2025ScholarBench: A Bilingual Benchmark for Abstraction, Comprehension, and Reasoning Evaluation in Academic Contexts
- 2026Thunder-KoNUBench: A Corpus-Aligned Benchmark for Korean Negation Understanding
- 2024Pragmatic Competence Evaluation of Large Language Models for the Korean Language
- 2024KorNAT: LLM Alignment Benchmark for Korean Social Values and Common Knowledge