A Technical Report for Polyglot-Ko: Open-Source Large-Scale Korean Language Models
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Abstract (arXiv)
Polyglot is a pioneering project aimed at enhancing the non-English language performance of multilingual language models. Despite the availability of various multilingual models such as mBERT (Devlin et al., 2019), XGLM (Lin et al., 2022), and BLOOM (Scao et al., 2022), researchers and developers often resort to building monolingual models in their respective languages due to the dissatisfaction with the current multilingual models non-English language capabilities. Addressing this gap, we seek to develop advanced multilingual language models that offer improved performance in non-English languages. In this paper, we introduce the Polyglot Korean models, which represent a specific focus rather than being multilingual in nature. In collaboration with TUNiB, our team collected 1.2TB of Korean data meticulously curated for our research journey. We made a deliberate decision to prioritize the development of Korean models before venturing into multilingual models. This choice was motivated by multiple factors: firstly, the Korean models facilitated performance comparisons with existing multilingual models; and finally, they catered to the specific needs of Korean companies and researchers. This paper presents our work in developing the Polyglot Korean models, which propose some steps towards addressing the non-English language performance gap in multilingual language models.
Key facts. Cited by 22 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 11 of its 18 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 4 Jun 2023.
Builds on
11 of 18 references.
References · 11
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
- 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 14,132
- 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,372
- 2020Scaling Laws for Neural Language Modelscited by 6,586
- 2022PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathwayscited by 5,326
- 2022OPT: Open Pre-trained Transformer Language Modelscited by 3,512
- 2022BLOOM: A 176B-Parameter Open-Access Multilingual Language Modelcited by 1,984
- 2023Pythia: A Suite for Analyzing Large Language Models Across Training and Scalingcited by 1,786
- 2023PaLM 2 Technical Reportcited by 1,162
- 2022GPT-NeoX-20B: An Open-Source Autoregressive Language Modelcited by 713
- 2022KOBEST: Korean Balanced Evaluation of Significant Taskscited by 37
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 3; 2024: 15; 2025: 3; 2026: 1.
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- 2023HAE-RAE Bench: Evaluation of Korean Knowledge in Language Modelscited by 47
- 2024KorNAT: LLM Alignment Benchmark for Korean Social Values and Common Knowledgecited by 33
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- 2023DaG LLM ver 1.0: Pioneering Instruction-Tuned Language Modeling for Korean NLPcited by 0
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- 2024KIT-19: A Comprehensive Korean Instruction Toolkit on 19 Tasks for Fine-Tuning Korean Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2024GECKO: Generative Language Model for English, Code and Koreancited by 0
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- 2024HyperCLOVA X Technical Report2 Apr 2024
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- 2024K-Act2Emo: Korean Commonsense Knowledge Graph for Indirect Emotional Expression21 Mar 2024
- 2024Optimizing Language Augmentation for Multilingual Large Language Models: A Case Study on Korean16 Mar 2024
- 2024CLIcK: A Benchmark Dataset of Cultural and Linguistic Intelligence in Korean11 Mar 2024
10 more
- 2024KoDialogBench: Evaluating Conversational Understanding of Language Models with Korean Dialogue Benchmark27 Feb 2024
- 2024Efficient and Effective Vocabulary Expansion Towards Multilingual Large Language Models22 Feb 2024
- 2024KorNAT: LLM Alignment Benchmark for Korean Social Values and Common Knowledge21 Feb 2024
- 2024KMMLU: Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding in Korean18 Feb 2024
- 2024Aya Model: An Instruction Finetuned Open-Access Multilingual Language Model12 Feb 2024
- 2024TeenyTinyLlama: open-source tiny language models trained in Brazilian Portuguese30 Jan 2024
- 2024Orion-14B: Open-source Multilingual Large Language Models20 Jan 2024
- 2023Automatic Construction of a Korean Toxic Instruction Dataset for Ethical Tuning of Large Language Models30 Nov 2023
- 2023DaG LLM ver 1.0: Pioneering Instruction-Tuned Language Modeling for Korean NLP23 Nov 2023
- 2023HAE-RAE Bench: Evaluation of Korean Knowledge in Language Models6 Sep 2023
- 2024Aya Model: An Instruction Finetuned Open-Access Multilingual Language Modelcited by 295
- 2024KMMLU: Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding in Koreancited by 91
- 2024CLIcK: A Benchmark Dataset of Cultural and Linguistic Intelligence in Koreancited by 66
- 2023HAE-RAE Bench: Evaluation of Korean Knowledge in Language Modelscited by 47
- 2024HyperCLOVA X Technical Reportcited by 18
- 2024Efficient and Effective Vocabulary Expansion Towards Multilingual Large Language Modelscited by 15
- 2024Optimizing Language Augmentation for Multilingual Large Language Models: A Case Study on Koreancited by 14
- 2024TeenyTinyLlama: open-source tiny language models trained in Brazilian Portuguesecited by 13
- 2024BenCzechMark : A Czech-centric Multitask and Multimetric Benchmark for Large Language Models with Duel Scoring Mechanismcited by 12
- 2025Llama-3-Nanda-10B-Chat: An Open Generative Large Language Model for Hindicited by 10
- 2024Orion-14B: Open-source Multilingual Large Language Modelscited by 5
- 2024Developing a Pragmatic Benchmark for Assessing Korean Legal Language Understanding in Large Language Modelscited by 4
12 most cited of 21 All 21 (JSON)
- 2026Llamion Technical Report25 May 2026
- 2025Thunder-DeID: Accurate and Efficient De-identification Framework for Korean Court Judgments18 Jun 2025
- 2025Trillion 7B Technical Report21 Apr 2025
- 2025Llama-3-Nanda-10B-Chat: An Open Generative Large Language Model for Hindi8 Apr 2025
- 2024BenCzechMark : A Czech-centric Multitask and Multimetric Benchmark for Large Language Models with Duel Scoring Mechanism23 Dec 2024
- 2024Developing a Pragmatic Benchmark for Assessing Korean Legal Language Understanding in Large Language Models11 Oct 2024
- 2024GECKO: Generative Language Model for English, Code and Korean24 May 2024
- 2024HyperCLOVA X Technical Report2 Apr 2024
- 2024KIT-19: A Comprehensive Korean Instruction Toolkit on 19 Tasks for Fine-Tuning Korean Large Language Models25 Mar 2024
- 2024K-Act2Emo: Korean Commonsense Knowledge Graph for Indirect Emotional Expression21 Mar 2024
- 2024Optimizing Language Augmentation for Multilingual Large Language Models: A Case Study on Korean16 Mar 2024
- 2024CLIcK: A Benchmark Dataset of Cultural and Linguistic Intelligence in Korean11 Mar 2024
12 newest of 21 All 21 (JSON)