mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Unified Adversarial Patch for Cross-modal Attacks in the Physical World

arXiv 2307.07859 ↗First posted 15 Jul 2023cs.CVcited by 27

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Abstract (arXiv)

Recently, physical adversarial attacks have been presented to evade DNNs-based object detectors. To ensure the security, many scenarios are simultaneously deployed with visible sensors and infrared sensors, leading to the failures of these single-modal physical attacks. To show the potential risks under such scenes, we propose a unified adversarial patch to perform cross-modal physical attacks, i.e., fooling visible and infrared object detectors at the same time via a single patch. Considering different imaging mechanisms of visible and infrared sensors, our work focuses on modeling the shapes of adversarial patches, which can be captured in different modalities when they change. To this end, we design a novel boundary-limited shape optimization to achieve the compact and smooth shapes, and thus they can be easily implemented in the physical world. In addition, to balance the fooling degree between visible detector and infrared detector during the optimization process, we propose a score-aware iterative evaluation, which can guide the adversarial patch to iteratively reduce the predicted scores of the multi-modal sensors. We finally test our method against the one-stage detector: YOLOv3 and the two-stage detector: Faster RCNN. Results show that our unified patch achieves an Attack Success Rate (ASR) of 73.33% and 69.17%, respectively. More importantly, we verify the effective attacks in the physical world when visible and infrared sensors shoot the objects under various settings like different angles, distances, postures, and scenes.

Key facts. Cited by 27 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 27 of its 34 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 Jul 2023.

Builds on

27 of 34 references.

References · 27

  1. 2015Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networkscited by 9,639
  2. 2014Explaining and Harnessing Adversarial Examplescited by 7,364
  3. 2017Towards Deep Learning Models Resistant to Adversarial Attackscited by 6,415
  4. 2013Intriguing properties of neural networkscited by 5,155
  5. 2015SSD: Single Shot MultiBox Detectorcited by 3,130
  6. 2016Towards Evaluating the Robustness of Neural Networkscited by 2,998
  7. 2018YOLOv3: An Incremental Improvementcited by 2,659
  8. 2019EfficientDet: Scalable and Efficient Object Detectioncited by 1,020
  9. 2022YOLOv7: Trainable bag-of-freebies sets new state-of-the-art for real-time object detectorscited by 982
  10. 2016Adversarial Machine Learning at Scalecited by 936
  11. 2017Adversarial Patchcited by 517
  12. 2017Feature Squeezing: Detecting Adversarial Examples in Deep Neural Networkscited by 486
15 more
  1. 2019Fooling automated surveillance cameras: adversarial patches to attack person detectioncited by 268
  2. 2021LLVIP: A Visible-infrared Paired Dataset for Low-light Visioncited by 231
  3. 2019AdvHat: Real-world adversarial attack on ArcFace Face ID systemcited by 163
  4. 2020Towards Robust LiDAR-based Perception in Autonomous Driving: General Black-box Adversarial Sensor Attack and Countermeasurescited by 95
  5. 2021Adversarial Sticker: A Stealthy Attack Method in the Physical Worldcited by 93
  6. 2018Sparse Adversarial Perturbations for Videoscited by 57
  7. 2021Fooling thermal infrared pedestrian detectors in real world using small bulbscited by 51
  8. 2022ViewFool: Evaluating the Robustness of Visual Recognition to Adversarial Viewpointscited by 48
  9. 2021Exploring Adversarial Robustness of Multi-Sensor Perception Systems in Self Drivingcited by 45
  10. 2022Infrared Invisible Clothing:Hiding from Infrared Detectors at Multiple Angles in Real Worldcited by 42
  11. 2022Simultaneously Optimizing Perturbations and Positions for Black-box Adversarial Patch Attackscited by 42
  12. 2023Physically Adversarial Infrared Patches with Learnable Shapes and Locationscited by 39
  13. 2022HOTCOLD Block: Fooling Thermal Infrared Detectors with a Novel Wearable Designcited by 27
  14. 2020Sparse Black-box Video Attack with Reinforcement Learningcited by 24
  15. 2021Adversarial Attacks on Camera-LiDAR Models for 3D Car Detectioncited by 16

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 5; 2024: 7; 2025: 9; 2026: 6.

27 papers.

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  1. 2025Infrared and Visible Image Fusion: From Data Compatibility to Task Adaptioncited by 46
  2. 2023Towards Transferable Targeted 3D Adversarial Attack in the Physical Worldcited by 25
  3. 2024SceneTAP: Scene-Coherent Typographic Adversarial Planner against Vision-Language Models in Real-World Environmentscited by 22
  4. 2023Unified Adversarial Patch for Visible-Infrared Cross-modal Attacks in the Physical Worldcited by 21
  5. 2023Adversarial Examples in the Physical World: A Surveycited by 10
  6. 2024Rethinking Impersonation and Dodging Attacks on Face Recognition Systemscited by 8
  7. 2024Infrared Adversarial Car Stickerscited by 8
  8. 2023Beyond Boundaries: A Comprehensive Survey of Transferable Attacks on AI Systemscited by 6
  9. 2025Don't Lag, RAG: Training-Free Adversarial Detection Using RAGcited by 5
  10. 2023Two-stage optimized unified adversarial patch for attacking visible-infrared cross-modal detectors in the physical worldcited by 4
  11. 2024Sparse-PGD: A Unified Framework for Sparse Adversarial Perturbations Generationcited by 4
  12. 2024Adversarial Attacks on Both Face Recognition and Face Anti-spoofing Modelscited by 4
15 more
  1. 2024Improving the Transferability of Adversarial Attacks on Face Recognition with Diverse Parameters Augmentationcited by 4
  2. 2025Seeing Isn't Believing: Context-Aware Adversarial Patch Synthesis via Conditional GANcited by 2
  3. 2025Thermally Activated Dual-Modal Adversarial Clothing against AI Surveillance Systemscited by 2
  4. 2024Generative Adversarial Patches for Physical Attacks on Cross-Modal Pedestrian Re-Identificationcited by 1
  5. 2025Learning Fourier shapes to probe the geometric world of deep neural networkscited by 1
  6. 2025Towards an End-to-End (E2E) Adversarial Learning and Application in the Physical Worldcited by 0
  7. 2025Modality Unified Attack for Omni-Modality Person Re-Identificationcited by 0
  8. 2025Human-Imperceptible Physical Adversarial Attack for NIR Face Recognition Modelscited by 0
  9. 2025Robustness Analysis against Adversarial Patch Attacks in Fully Unmanned Storescited by 0
  10. 2026Robust Vision Systems for Connected and Autonomous Vehicles: Security Challenges and Attack Vectorscited by 0
  11. 2026Revealing Physical-World Semantic Vulnerabilities: Universal Adversarial Patch for Infrared Vision-Language Modelscited by 0
  12. 2026Unleashing the Representational Power of Fourier Shapes for Attacking Infrared Object Detectioncited by 0
  13. 2026Exposing Vulnerabilities in Visible-Infrared VLMs: A Unified Geometric Adversarial Framework with Cross-Task Transferabilitycited by 0
  14. 2026InfraQR: Edge-Placed QR-Inspired Structured Patch Attacks on Infrared Vision-Language Modelscited by 0
  15. 2026InfraPatch: Cross-Task Targeted Grayscale Patch Attacks on Infrared-Adapted Vision-Language Modelscited by 0