mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

RFLA: A Stealthy Reflected Light Adversarial Attack in the Physical World

arXiv 2307.07653 ↗First posted 14 Jul 2023cs.CVcited by 23

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Abstract (arXiv)

Physical adversarial attacks against deep neural networks (DNNs) have recently gained increasing attention. The current mainstream physical attacks use printed adversarial patches or camouflage to alter the appearance of the target object. However, these approaches generate conspicuous adversarial patterns that show poor stealthiness. Another physical deployable attack is the optical attack, featuring stealthiness while exhibiting weakly in the daytime with sunlight. In this paper, we propose a novel Reflected Light Attack (RFLA), featuring effective and stealthy in both the digital and physical world, which is implemented by placing the color transparent plastic sheet and a paper cut of a specific shape in front of the mirror to create different colored geometries on the target object. To achieve these goals, we devise a general framework based on the circle to model the reflected light on the target object. Specifically, we optimize a circle (composed of a coordinate and radius) to carry various geometrical shapes determined by the optimized angle. The fill color of the geometry shape and its corresponding transparency are also optimized. We extensively evaluate the effectiveness of RFLA on different datasets and models. Experiment results suggest that the proposed method achieves over 99% success rate on different datasets and models in the digital world. Additionally, we verify the effectiveness of the proposed method in different physical environments by using sunlight or a flashlight.

Key facts. Cited by 23 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 39 of its 53 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Jul 2023.

Builds on

39 of 53 references.

References · 39

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27 more
  1. 2016Inception-v4, Inception-ResNet and the Impact of Residual Connections on Learningcited by 1,509
  2. 2016SqueezeNet: AlexNet-level accuracy with 50x fewer parameters and <0.5MB model sizecited by 1,054
  3. 2016Adversarial Machine Learning at Scalecited by 934
  4. 2017Ensemble Adversarial Training: Attacks and Defensescited by 833
  5. 2019Square Attack: a query-efficient black-box adversarial attack via random searchcited by 682
  6. 2018Improving Transferability of Adversarial Examples with Input Diversitycited by 591
  7. 2017Countering Adversarial Images using Input Transformationscited by 517
  8. 2019Evading Defenses to Transferable Adversarial Examples by Translation-Invariant Attackscited by 440
  9. 2019Nesterov Accelerated Gradient and Scale Invariance for Adversarial Attackscited by 352
  10. 2019Fooling automated surveillance cameras: adversarial patches to attack person detectioncited by 268
  11. 2021Dual Attention Suppression Attack: Generate Adversarial Camouflage in Physical Worldcited by 127
  12. 2022Shadows can be Dangerous: Stealthy and Effective Physical-world Adversarial Attack by Natural Phenomenoncited by 101
  13. 2018Feature Distillation: DNN-Oriented JPEG Compression Against Adversarial Examplescited by 98
  14. 2021Adversarial Sticker: A Stealthy Attack Method in the Physical Worldcited by 92
  15. 2017A General Framework for Adversarial Examples with Objectivescited by 82
  16. 2018GenAttack: Practical Black-box Attacks with Gradient-Free Optimizationcited by 82
  17. 2021Adversarial Laser Beam: Effective Physical-World Attack to DNNs in a Blinkcited by 75
  18. 2021FCA: Learning a 3D Full-coverage Vehicle Camouflage for Multi-view Physical Adversarial Attackcited by 74
  19. 2018Deflecting Adversarial Attacks with Pixel Deflectioncited by 71
  20. 2020PatchAttack: A Black-box Texture-based Attack with Reinforcement Learningcited by 67
  21. 2021Optical Adversarial Attackcited by 43
  22. 2022Simultaneously Optimizing Perturbations and Positions for Black-box Adversarial Patch Attackscited by 41
  23. 2020Invisible Perturbations: Physical Adversarial Examples Exploiting the Rolling Shutter Effectcited by 40
  24. 2021TnT Attacks! Universal Naturalistic Adversarial Patches Against Deep Neural Network Systemscited by 36
  25. 2020SPAA: Stealthy Projector-based Adversarial Attacks on Deep Image Classifierscited by 17
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  27. 2022Adversarial Scratches: Deployable Attacks to CNN Classifierscited by 5

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 4; 2024: 10; 2025: 4; 2026: 5.

23 papers.

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  1. 2024Breaking Barriers in Physical-World Adversarial Examples: Improving Robustness and Transferability via Robust Featurecited by 13
  2. 2023Diffusion to Confusion: Naturalistic Adversarial Patch Generation Based on Diffusion Model for Object Detectorcited by 10
  3. 2023Adversarial Examples in the Physical World: A Surveycited by 10
  4. 2024Machine Learning Robustness: A Primercited by 8
  5. 2025UV-Attack: Physical-World Adversarial Attacks for Person Detection via Dynamic-NeRF-based UV Mappingcited by 8
  6. 2024Rethinking Impersonation and Dodging Attacks on Face Recognition Systemscited by 7
  7. 2024Improving the Transferability of Adversarial Examples by Feature Augmentationcited by 5
  8. 2023Embodied Laser Attack:Leveraging Scene Priors to Achieve Agent-based Robust Non-contact Attackscited by 4
  9. 2024Adversarial Attacks on Both Face Recognition and Face Anti-spoofing Modelscited by 4
  10. 2024Secure Traffic Sign Recognition: An Attention-Enabled Universal Image Inpainting Mechanism against Light Patch Attackscited by 4
  11. 2025Beyond Vulnerabilities: A Survey of Adversarial Attacks as Both Threats and Defenses in Computer Vision Systemscited by 4
  12. 2024Out-of-Bounding-Box Triggers: A Stealthy Approach to Cheat Object Detectorscited by 3
11 more
  1. 2024Improving the Transferability of Adversarial Attacks on Face Recognition with Diverse Parameters Augmentationcited by 3
  2. 2024Rethinking the Threat and Accessibility of Adversarial Attacks against Face Recognition Systemscited by 2
  3. 2025SABER: Spatially Consistent 3D Universal Adversarial Objects for BEV Detectorscited by 1
  4. 2023Universal Perturbation-based Secret Key-Controlled Data Hidingcited by 0
  5. 2024Universal Multi-view Black-box Attack against Object Detectors via Layout Optimizationcited by 0
  6. 2025Adversarial Wear and Tear: Exploiting Natural Damage for Generating Physical-World Adversarial Examplescited by 0
  7. 2026When Surfaces Lie: Exploiting Wrinkle-Induced Attention Shift to Attack Vision-Language Modelscited by 0
  8. 2026Challenging Vision-Language Models with Physically Deployable Multimodal Semantic Lighting Attackscited by 0
  9. 2026Scratched Lenses, Shifted Depth: Passive Camera-Side Optical Attackscited by 0
  10. 2026Physically Real-time Infrared Attack against Optical Flow Estimation Networkscited by 0
  11. 2026ColorFD: A Finite-Difference Guided Black-Box Physical Adversarial Attack for Remote Sensing Object Detectioncited by 0