mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

MUDiff: Unified Diffusion for Complete Molecule Generation

arXiv 2304.14621 ↗First posted 28 Apr 2023cs.LG q-bio.BMcited by 42

Not on the map. Why?

Cited by 20 in Diffusion models, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.

Abstract (arXiv)

Molecule generation is a very important practical problem, with uses in drug discovery and material design, and AI methods promise to provide useful solutions. However, existing methods for molecule generation focus either on 2D graph structure or on 3D geometric structure, which is not sufficient to represent a complete molecule as 2D graph captures mainly topology while 3D geometry captures mainly spatial atom arrangements. Combining these representations is essential to better represent a molecule. In this paper, we present a new model for generating a comprehensive representation of molecules, including atom features, 2D discrete molecule structures, and 3D continuous molecule coordinates, by combining discrete and continuous diffusion processes. The use of diffusion processes allows for capturing the probabilistic nature of molecular processes and exploring the effect of different factors on molecular structures. Additionally, we propose a novel graph transformer architecture to denoise the diffusion process. The transformer adheres to 3D roto-translation equivariance constraints, allowing it to learn invariant atom and edge representations while preserving the equivariance of atom coordinates. This transformer can be used to learn molecular representations robust to geometric transformations. We evaluate the performance of our model through experiments and comparisons with existing methods, showing its ability to generate more stable and valid molecules. Our model is a promising approach for designing stable and diverse molecules and can be applied to a wide range of tasks in molecular modeling.

Key facts. Cited by 42 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 33 of its 48 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 28 Apr 2023.

Builds on

33 of 48 references.

References · 33

  1. 2020Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 21,076
  2. 2016Semi-Supervised Classification with Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 11,361
  3. 2017Inductive Representation Learning on Large Graphscited by 6,320
  4. 2021Improved Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 3,761
  5. 2017Neural Message Passing for Quantum Chemistrycited by 3,487
  6. 2021Structured Denoising Diffusion Models in Discrete State-Spacescited by 1,719
  7. 2016Variational Graph Auto-Encoderscited by 1,382
  8. 2021Variational Diffusion Modelscited by 1,153
  9. 2021E(n) Equivariant Graph Neural Networkscited by 965
  10. 2015Convolutional Networks on Graphs for Learning Molecular Fingerprintscited by 754
  11. 2022Equivariant Diffusion for Molecule Generation in 3Dcited by 677
  12. 2020A Generalization of Transformer Networks to Graphscited by 661
21 more
  1. 2020SE(3)-Transformers: 3D Roto-Translation Equivariant Attention Networkscited by 607
  2. 2017SchNet: A continuous-filter convolutional neural network for modeling quantum interactionscited by 571
  3. 2022DiGress: Discrete Denoising diffusion for graph generationcited by 520
  4. 2022GeoDiff: a Geometric Diffusion Model for Molecular Conformation Generationcited by 516
  5. 2021Equivariant message passing for the prediction of tensorial properties and molecular spectracited by 441
  6. 2022Score-based Generative Modeling of Graphs via the System of Stochastic Differential Equationscited by 283
  7. 2019Cormorant: Covariant Molecular Neural Networkscited by 263
  8. 2020Equivariant Flows: Exact Likelihood Generative Learning for Symmetric Densitiescited by 250
  9. 2020Can Graph Neural Networks Count Substructures?cited by 236
  10. 2022TorchMD-NET: Equivariant Transformers for Neural Network based Molecular Potentialscited by 182
  11. 2019Symmetry-adapted generation of 3d point sets for the targeted discovery of moleculescited by 172
  12. 2022Revisiting Heterophily For Graph Neural Networkscited by 169
  13. 2021E(n) Equivariant Normalizing Flowscited by 165
  14. 2020Directional Graph Networkscited by 133
  15. 2021Is Heterophily A Real Nightmare For Graph Neural Networks To Do Node Classification?cited by 82
  16. 2022One Transformer Can Understand Both 2D & 3D Molecular Datacited by 77
  17. 2019Break the Ceiling: Stronger Multi-scale Deep Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 62
  18. 2022MDM: Molecular Diffusion Model for 3D Molecule Generationcited by 58
  19. 2021Top-N: Equivariant set and graph generation without exchangeabilitycited by 36
  20. 2022High-Order Pooling for Graph Neural Networks with Tensor Decompositioncited by 24
  21. 2023An Equivariant Generative Framework for Molecular Graph-Structure Co-Designcited by 10

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 20; 2025: 17; 2026: 5.

42 papers.

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  1. 2024Generative Flows on Discrete State-Spaces: Enabling Multimodal Flows with Applications to Protein Co-Designcited by 305
  2. 2024Mixed Continuous and Categorical Flow Matching for 3D De Novo Molecule Generationcited by 54
  3. 2025GenMol: A Drug Discovery Generalist with Discrete Diffusioncited by 50
  4. 2024Minimax Optimality of Score-based Diffusion Models: Beyond the Density Lower Bound Assumptionscited by 47
  5. 2024SemlaFlow -- Efficient 3D Molecular Generation with Latent Attention and Equivariant Flow Matchingcited by 41
  6. 2024Cometh: A continuous-time discrete-state graph diffusion modelcited by 32
  7. 2025FlowMol3: Flow Matching for 3D De Novo Small-Molecule Generationcited by 21
  8. 2025NExT-Mol: 3D Diffusion Meets 1D Language Modeling for 3D Molecule Generationcited by 17
  9. 2025A Survey of Graph Transformers: Architectures, Theories and Applicationscited by 14
  10. 2024ReactZyme: A Benchmark for Enzyme-Reaction Predictioncited by 13
  11. 2025Probing Equivariance and Symmetry Breaking in Convolutional Networkscited by 12
  12. 2025TABASCO: A Fast, Simplified Model for Molecular Generation with Improved Physical Qualitycited by 12
30 more
  1. 2024A Directional Diffusion Graph Transformer for Recommendationcited by 9
  2. 2024What Is Missing In Homophily? Disentangling Graph Homophily For Graph Neural Networkscited by 9
  3. 20243D Vessel Graph Generation Using Denoising Diffusioncited by 9
  4. 2024LayerDAG: A Layerwise Autoregressive Diffusion Model for Directed Acyclic Graph Generationcited by 8
  5. 2025Straight-Line Diffusion Model for Efficient 3D Molecular Generationcited by 8
  6. 2025Learning Flexible Forward Trajectories for Masked Molecular Diffusioncited by 7
  7. 2026Rethinking Diffusion Models with Symmetries through Canonicalization with Applications to Molecular Graph Generationcited by 7
  8. 2024Zero Shot Molecular Generation via Similarity Kernelscited by 6
  9. 2024E(3)-equivariant models cannot learn chirality: Field-based molecular generationcited by 6
  10. 2024Representation Learning on Heterophilic Graph with Directional Neighborhood Attentioncited by 6
  11. 2024Effective Protein-Protein Interaction Exploration with PPIretrievalcited by 5
  12. 2024EnzymeFlow: Generating Reaction-specific Enzyme Catalytic Pockets through Flow Matching and Co-Evolutionary Dynamicscited by 5
  13. 2025PowerGrow: Feasible Co-Growth of Structures and Dynamics for Power Grid Synthesiscited by 5
  14. 2024Revealing the Pitfalls and Re-Evaluating the Advancement of Heterophilic Graph Learningcited by 4
  15. 2024Reaction-conditioned De Novo Enzyme Design with GENzymecited by 3
  16. 2025Clifford Group Equivariant Diffusion Models for 3D Molecular Generationcited by 3
  17. 2025Unraveling the Potential of Diffusion Models in Small Molecule Generationcited by 3
  18. 2025NEAT: Neighborhood-Guided, Efficient, Autoregressive Set Transformer for 3D Molecular Generationcited by 3
  19. 2024Diffusion-based Graph Generative Methodscited by 2
  20. 2025A Reinforcement Learning-Driven Transformer GAN for Molecular Generationcited by 2
  21. 2025FlexiFlow: decomposable flow matching for generation of flexible molecular ensemblecited by 2
  22. 2026Boltzmann-Expected Molecular Design with Decoupled Annealing Flowscited by 2
  23. 2025Interleaved Gibbs Diffusion: Generating Discrete-Continuous Data with Implicit Constraintscited by 1
  24. 2025Probabilistic Graph Circuits: Deep Generative Models for Tractable Probabilistic Inference over Graphscited by 1
  25. 2024SymDiff: Equivariant Diffusion via Stochastic Symmetrisationcited by 0
  26. 2024Learning From Graph-Structured Data: Addressing Design Issues and Exploring Practical Applications in Graph Representation Learningcited by 0
  27. 2025Exploring Heterophily in Graph-level Taskscited by 0
  28. 2026Quotient-Space Diffusion Modelscited by 0
  29. 2026A Systematic Evaluation of Molecule Generation Models for De Novo Drug Design: From Benchmarks to Practical Insightscited by 0
  30. 2026Constrained Goal-directed Planar Graph Generation with Grammar-based Reinforcement Learningcited by 0