MUDiff: Unified Diffusion for Complete Molecule Generation
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Cited by 20 in Diffusion models, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.
Abstract (arXiv)
Molecule generation is a very important practical problem, with uses in drug discovery and material design, and AI methods promise to provide useful solutions. However, existing methods for molecule generation focus either on 2D graph structure or on 3D geometric structure, which is not sufficient to represent a complete molecule as 2D graph captures mainly topology while 3D geometry captures mainly spatial atom arrangements. Combining these representations is essential to better represent a molecule. In this paper, we present a new model for generating a comprehensive representation of molecules, including atom features, 2D discrete molecule structures, and 3D continuous molecule coordinates, by combining discrete and continuous diffusion processes. The use of diffusion processes allows for capturing the probabilistic nature of molecular processes and exploring the effect of different factors on molecular structures. Additionally, we propose a novel graph transformer architecture to denoise the diffusion process. The transformer adheres to 3D roto-translation equivariance constraints, allowing it to learn invariant atom and edge representations while preserving the equivariance of atom coordinates. This transformer can be used to learn molecular representations robust to geometric transformations. We evaluate the performance of our model through experiments and comparisons with existing methods, showing its ability to generate more stable and valid molecules. Our model is a promising approach for designing stable and diverse molecules and can be applied to a wide range of tasks in molecular modeling.
Key facts. Cited by 42 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 33 of its 48 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 28 Apr 2023.
Builds on
33 of 48 references.
References · 33
- 2020Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 21,076
- 2016Semi-Supervised Classification with Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 11,361
- 2017Inductive Representation Learning on Large Graphscited by 6,320
- 2021Improved Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 3,761
- 2017Neural Message Passing for Quantum Chemistrycited by 3,487
- 2021Structured Denoising Diffusion Models in Discrete State-Spacescited by 1,719
- 2016Variational Graph Auto-Encoderscited by 1,382
- 2021Variational Diffusion Modelscited by 1,153
- 2021E(n) Equivariant Graph Neural Networkscited by 965
- 2015Convolutional Networks on Graphs for Learning Molecular Fingerprintscited by 754
- 2022Equivariant Diffusion for Molecule Generation in 3Dcited by 677
- 2020A Generalization of Transformer Networks to Graphscited by 661
21 more
- 2020SE(3)-Transformers: 3D Roto-Translation Equivariant Attention Networkscited by 607
- 2017SchNet: A continuous-filter convolutional neural network for modeling quantum interactionscited by 571
- 2022DiGress: Discrete Denoising diffusion for graph generationcited by 520
- 2022GeoDiff: a Geometric Diffusion Model for Molecular Conformation Generationcited by 516
- 2021Equivariant message passing for the prediction of tensorial properties and molecular spectracited by 441
- 2022Score-based Generative Modeling of Graphs via the System of Stochastic Differential Equationscited by 283
- 2019Cormorant: Covariant Molecular Neural Networkscited by 263
- 2020Equivariant Flows: Exact Likelihood Generative Learning for Symmetric Densitiescited by 250
- 2020Can Graph Neural Networks Count Substructures?cited by 236
- 2022TorchMD-NET: Equivariant Transformers for Neural Network based Molecular Potentialscited by 182
- 2019Symmetry-adapted generation of 3d point sets for the targeted discovery of moleculescited by 172
- 2022Revisiting Heterophily For Graph Neural Networkscited by 169
- 2021E(n) Equivariant Normalizing Flowscited by 165
- 2020Directional Graph Networkscited by 133
- 2021Is Heterophily A Real Nightmare For Graph Neural Networks To Do Node Classification?cited by 82
- 2022One Transformer Can Understand Both 2D & 3D Molecular Datacited by 77
- 2019Break the Ceiling: Stronger Multi-scale Deep Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 62
- 2022MDM: Molecular Diffusion Model for 3D Molecule Generationcited by 58
- 2021Top-N: Equivariant set and graph generation without exchangeabilitycited by 36
- 2022High-Order Pooling for Graph Neural Networks with Tensor Decompositioncited by 24
- 2023An Equivariant Generative Framework for Molecular Graph-Structure Co-Designcited by 10
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 20; 2025: 17; 2026: 5.
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- 2024Generative Flows on Discrete State-Spaces: Enabling Multimodal Flows with Applications to Protein Co-Designcited by 305
- 2024Mixed Continuous and Categorical Flow Matching for 3D De Novo Molecule Generationcited by 54
- 2025GenMol: A Drug Discovery Generalist with Discrete Diffusioncited by 50
- 2024Minimax Optimality of Score-based Diffusion Models: Beyond the Density Lower Bound Assumptionscited by 47
- 2024SemlaFlow -- Efficient 3D Molecular Generation with Latent Attention and Equivariant Flow Matchingcited by 41
- 2024Cometh: A continuous-time discrete-state graph diffusion modelcited by 32
- 2025FlowMol3: Flow Matching for 3D De Novo Small-Molecule Generationcited by 21
- 2025NExT-Mol: 3D Diffusion Meets 1D Language Modeling for 3D Molecule Generationcited by 17
- 2025A Survey of Graph Transformers: Architectures, Theories and Applicationscited by 14
- 2024ReactZyme: A Benchmark for Enzyme-Reaction Predictioncited by 13
- 2025Probing Equivariance and Symmetry Breaking in Convolutional Networkscited by 12
- 2025TABASCO: A Fast, Simplified Model for Molecular Generation with Improved Physical Qualitycited by 12
30 more
- 2024A Directional Diffusion Graph Transformer for Recommendationcited by 9
- 2024What Is Missing In Homophily? Disentangling Graph Homophily For Graph Neural Networkscited by 9
- 20243D Vessel Graph Generation Using Denoising Diffusioncited by 9
- 2024LayerDAG: A Layerwise Autoregressive Diffusion Model for Directed Acyclic Graph Generationcited by 8
- 2025Straight-Line Diffusion Model for Efficient 3D Molecular Generationcited by 8
- 2025Learning Flexible Forward Trajectories for Masked Molecular Diffusioncited by 7
- 2026Rethinking Diffusion Models with Symmetries through Canonicalization with Applications to Molecular Graph Generationcited by 7
- 2024Zero Shot Molecular Generation via Similarity Kernelscited by 6
- 2024E(3)-equivariant models cannot learn chirality: Field-based molecular generationcited by 6
- 2024Representation Learning on Heterophilic Graph with Directional Neighborhood Attentioncited by 6
- 2024Effective Protein-Protein Interaction Exploration with PPIretrievalcited by 5
- 2024EnzymeFlow: Generating Reaction-specific Enzyme Catalytic Pockets through Flow Matching and Co-Evolutionary Dynamicscited by 5
- 2025PowerGrow: Feasible Co-Growth of Structures and Dynamics for Power Grid Synthesiscited by 5
- 2024Revealing the Pitfalls and Re-Evaluating the Advancement of Heterophilic Graph Learningcited by 4
- 2024Reaction-conditioned De Novo Enzyme Design with GENzymecited by 3
- 2025Clifford Group Equivariant Diffusion Models for 3D Molecular Generationcited by 3
- 2025Unraveling the Potential of Diffusion Models in Small Molecule Generationcited by 3
- 2025NEAT: Neighborhood-Guided, Efficient, Autoregressive Set Transformer for 3D Molecular Generationcited by 3
- 2024Diffusion-based Graph Generative Methodscited by 2
- 2025A Reinforcement Learning-Driven Transformer GAN for Molecular Generationcited by 2
- 2025FlexiFlow: decomposable flow matching for generation of flexible molecular ensemblecited by 2
- 2026Boltzmann-Expected Molecular Design with Decoupled Annealing Flowscited by 2
- 2025Interleaved Gibbs Diffusion: Generating Discrete-Continuous Data with Implicit Constraintscited by 1
- 2025Probabilistic Graph Circuits: Deep Generative Models for Tractable Probabilistic Inference over Graphscited by 1
- 2024SymDiff: Equivariant Diffusion via Stochastic Symmetrisationcited by 0
- 2024Learning From Graph-Structured Data: Addressing Design Issues and Exploring Practical Applications in Graph Representation Learningcited by 0
- 2025Exploring Heterophily in Graph-level Taskscited by 0
- 2026Quotient-Space Diffusion Modelscited by 0
- 2026A Systematic Evaluation of Molecule Generation Models for De Novo Drug Design: From Benchmarks to Practical Insightscited by 0
- 2026Constrained Goal-directed Planar Graph Generation with Grammar-based Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
- 2026Constrained Goal-directed Planar Graph Generation with Grammar-based Reinforcement Learning5 Oct 2026
- 2026A Systematic Evaluation of Molecule Generation Models for De Novo Drug Design: From Benchmarks to Practical Insights9 Sep 2026
- 2026Boltzmann-Expected Molecular Design with Decoupled Annealing Flows21 Jul 2026
- 2026Quotient-Space Diffusion Models23 Apr 2026
- 2026Rethinking Diffusion Models with Symmetries through Canonicalization with Applications to Molecular Graph Generation16 Feb 2026
- 2025NEAT: Neighborhood-Guided, Efficient, Autoregressive Set Transformer for 3D Molecular Generation5 Dec 2025
- 2025FlexiFlow: decomposable flow matching for generation of flexible molecular ensemble21 Nov 2025
- 2025Exploring Heterophily in Graph-level Tasks23 Sep 2025
- 2025PowerGrow: Feasible Co-Growth of Structures and Dynamics for Power Grid Synthesis29 Aug 2025
- 2025FlowMol3: Flow Matching for 3D De Novo Small-Molecule Generation18 Aug 2025
- 2025TABASCO: A Fast, Simplified Model for Molecular Generation with Improved Physical Quality1 Jul 2025
- 2025Unraveling the Potential of Diffusion Models in Small Molecule Generation25 Jun 2025
30 more
- 2025Learning Flexible Forward Trajectories for Masked Molecular Diffusion22 May 2025
- 2025Clifford Group Equivariant Diffusion Models for 3D Molecular Generation22 Apr 2025
- 2025A Reinforcement Learning-Driven Transformer GAN for Molecular Generation17 Mar 2025
- 2025Probabilistic Graph Circuits: Deep Generative Models for Tractable Probabilistic Inference over Graphs15 Mar 2025
- 2025Straight-Line Diffusion Model for Efficient 3D Molecular Generation4 Mar 2025
- 2025A Survey of Graph Transformers: Architectures, Theories and Applications23 Feb 2025
- 2025Interleaved Gibbs Diffusion: Generating Discrete-Continuous Data with Implicit Constraints19 Feb 2025
- 2025NExT-Mol: 3D Diffusion Meets 1D Language Modeling for 3D Molecule Generation18 Feb 2025
- 2025GenMol: A Drug Discovery Generalist with Discrete Diffusion10 Jan 2025
- 2025Probing Equivariance and Symmetry Breaking in Convolutional Networks1 Jan 2025
- 2024Reaction-conditioned De Novo Enzyme Design with GENzyme10 Nov 2024
- 2024Learning From Graph-Structured Data: Addressing Design Issues and Exploring Practical Applications in Graph Representation Learning9 Nov 2024
- 2024LayerDAG: A Layerwise Autoregressive Diffusion Model for Directed Acyclic Graph Generation4 Nov 2024
- 2024SymDiff: Equivariant Diffusion via Stochastic Symmetrisation8 Oct 2024
- 2024EnzymeFlow: Generating Reaction-specific Enzyme Catalytic Pockets through Flow Matching and Co-Evolutionary Dynamics1 Oct 2024
- 2024Revealing the Pitfalls and Re-Evaluating the Advancement of Heterophilic Graph Learning9 Sep 2024
- 2024ReactZyme: A Benchmark for Enzyme-Reaction Prediction24 Aug 2024
- 20243D Vessel Graph Generation Using Denoising Diffusion8 Jul 2024
- 2024What Is Missing In Homophily? Disentangling Graph Homophily For Graph Neural Networks27 Jun 2024
- 2024SemlaFlow -- Efficient 3D Molecular Generation with Latent Attention and Equivariant Flow Matching11 Jun 2024
- 2024Cometh: A continuous-time discrete-state graph diffusion model10 Jun 2024
- 2024Mixed Continuous and Categorical Flow Matching for 3D De Novo Molecule Generation30 Apr 2024
- 2024A Directional Diffusion Graph Transformer for Recommendation4 Apr 2024
- 2024Representation Learning on Heterophilic Graph with Directional Neighborhood Attention3 Mar 2024
- 2024E(3)-equivariant models cannot learn chirality: Field-based molecular generation24 Feb 2024
- 2024Minimax Optimality of Score-based Diffusion Models: Beyond the Density Lower Bound Assumptions23 Feb 2024
- 2024Zero Shot Molecular Generation via Similarity Kernels13 Feb 2024
- 2024Generative Flows on Discrete State-Spaces: Enabling Multimodal Flows with Applications to Protein Co-Design7 Feb 2024
- 2024Effective Protein-Protein Interaction Exploration with PPIretrieval6 Feb 2024
- 2024Diffusion-based Graph Generative Methods28 Jan 2024
- 2024Generative Flows on Discrete State-Spaces: Enabling Multimodal Flows with Applications to Protein Co-Designcited by 305
- 2024Mixed Continuous and Categorical Flow Matching for 3D De Novo Molecule Generationcited by 54
- 2025GenMol: A Drug Discovery Generalist with Discrete Diffusioncited by 50
- 2024Minimax Optimality of Score-based Diffusion Models: Beyond the Density Lower Bound Assumptionscited by 47
- 2024Cometh: A continuous-time discrete-state graph diffusion modelcited by 32
- 2025FlowMol3: Flow Matching for 3D De Novo Small-Molecule Generationcited by 21
- 2025NExT-Mol: 3D Diffusion Meets 1D Language Modeling for 3D Molecule Generationcited by 17
- 2024A Directional Diffusion Graph Transformer for Recommendationcited by 9
- 20243D Vessel Graph Generation Using Denoising Diffusioncited by 9
- 2024LayerDAG: A Layerwise Autoregressive Diffusion Model for Directed Acyclic Graph Generationcited by 8
- 2025Straight-Line Diffusion Model for Efficient 3D Molecular Generationcited by 8
- 2025Learning Flexible Forward Trajectories for Masked Molecular Diffusioncited by 7
12 most cited of 20 All 20 (JSON)
- 2026Quotient-Space Diffusion Models23 Apr 2026
- 2026Rethinking Diffusion Models with Symmetries through Canonicalization with Applications to Molecular Graph Generation16 Feb 2026
- 2025NEAT: Neighborhood-Guided, Efficient, Autoregressive Set Transformer for 3D Molecular Generation5 Dec 2025
- 2025FlexiFlow: decomposable flow matching for generation of flexible molecular ensemble21 Nov 2025
- 2025FlowMol3: Flow Matching for 3D De Novo Small-Molecule Generation18 Aug 2025
- 2025Unraveling the Potential of Diffusion Models in Small Molecule Generation25 Jun 2025
- 2025Learning Flexible Forward Trajectories for Masked Molecular Diffusion22 May 2025
- 2025Clifford Group Equivariant Diffusion Models for 3D Molecular Generation22 Apr 2025
- 2025Straight-Line Diffusion Model for Efficient 3D Molecular Generation4 Mar 2025
- 2025NExT-Mol: 3D Diffusion Meets 1D Language Modeling for 3D Molecule Generation18 Feb 2025
- 2025GenMol: A Drug Discovery Generalist with Discrete Diffusion10 Jan 2025
- 2024LayerDAG: A Layerwise Autoregressive Diffusion Model for Directed Acyclic Graph Generation4 Nov 2024
12 newest of 20 All 20 (JSON)
- 2024SemlaFlow -- Efficient 3D Molecular Generation with Latent Attention and Equivariant Flow Matchingcited by 41
- 2025A Survey of Graph Transformers: Architectures, Theories and Applicationscited by 14
- 2024ReactZyme: A Benchmark for Enzyme-Reaction Predictioncited by 13
- 2025Probing Equivariance and Symmetry Breaking in Convolutional Networkscited by 12
- 2025TABASCO: A Fast, Simplified Model for Molecular Generation with Improved Physical Qualitycited by 12
- 2024What Is Missing In Homophily? Disentangling Graph Homophily For Graph Neural Networkscited by 9
- 2024Zero Shot Molecular Generation via Similarity Kernelscited by 6
- 2024E(3)-equivariant models cannot learn chirality: Field-based molecular generationcited by 6
- 2024Representation Learning on Heterophilic Graph with Directional Neighborhood Attentioncited by 6
- 2024Effective Protein-Protein Interaction Exploration with PPIretrievalcited by 5
- 2024EnzymeFlow: Generating Reaction-specific Enzyme Catalytic Pockets through Flow Matching and Co-Evolutionary Dynamicscited by 5
- 2025PowerGrow: Feasible Co-Growth of Structures and Dynamics for Power Grid Synthesiscited by 5
12 most cited of 21 All 21 (JSON)
- 2026A Systematic Evaluation of Molecule Generation Models for De Novo Drug Design: From Benchmarks to Practical Insights9 Sep 2026
- 2026Boltzmann-Expected Molecular Design with Decoupled Annealing Flows21 Jul 2026
- 2025Exploring Heterophily in Graph-level Tasks23 Sep 2025
- 2025PowerGrow: Feasible Co-Growth of Structures and Dynamics for Power Grid Synthesis29 Aug 2025
- 2025TABASCO: A Fast, Simplified Model for Molecular Generation with Improved Physical Quality1 Jul 2025
- 2025A Reinforcement Learning-Driven Transformer GAN for Molecular Generation17 Mar 2025
- 2025Probabilistic Graph Circuits: Deep Generative Models for Tractable Probabilistic Inference over Graphs15 Mar 2025
- 2025A Survey of Graph Transformers: Architectures, Theories and Applications23 Feb 2025
- 2025Interleaved Gibbs Diffusion: Generating Discrete-Continuous Data with Implicit Constraints19 Feb 2025
- 2025Probing Equivariance and Symmetry Breaking in Convolutional Networks1 Jan 2025
- 2024Reaction-conditioned De Novo Enzyme Design with GENzyme10 Nov 2024
- 2024Learning From Graph-Structured Data: Addressing Design Issues and Exploring Practical Applications in Graph Representation Learning9 Nov 2024
12 newest of 21 All 21 (JSON)