mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Density-Insensitive Unsupervised Domain Adaption on 3D Object Detection

arXiv 2304.09446 ↗First posted 19 Apr 2023cs.CVcited by 31

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Abstract (arXiv)

3D object detection from point clouds is crucial in safety-critical autonomous driving. Although many works have made great efforts and achieved significant progress on this task, most of them suffer from expensive annotation cost and poor transferability to unknown data due to the domain gap. Recently, few works attempt to tackle the domain gap in objects, but still fail to adapt to the gap of varying beam-densities between two domains, which is critical to mitigate the characteristic differences of the LiDAR collectors. To this end, we make the attempt to propose a density-insensitive domain adaption framework to address the density-induced domain gap. In particular, we first introduce Random Beam Re-Sampling (RBRS) to enhance the robustness of 3D detectors trained on the source domain to the varying beam-density. Then, we take this pre-trained detector as the backbone model, and feed the unlabeled target domain data into our newly designed task-specific teacher-student framework for predicting its high-quality pseudo labels. To further adapt the property of density-insensitivity into the target domain, we feed the teacher and student branches with the same sample of different densities, and propose an Object Graph Alignment (OGA) module to construct two object-graphs between the two branches for enforcing the consistency in both the attribute and relation of cross-density objects. Experimental results on three widely adopted 3D object detection datasets demonstrate that our proposed domain adaption method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods, especially over varying-density data. Code is available at https://github.com/WoodwindHu/DTS}{https://github.com/WoodwindHu/DTS.

Key facts. Cited by 31 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 49 of its 70 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Apr 2023.

Builds on

49 of 70 references.

References · 49

  1. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
  2. 2022Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 5,603
  3. 2019nuScenes: A multimodal dataset for autonomous drivingcited by 4,485
  4. 2019Scalability in Perception for Autonomous Driving: Waymo Open Datasetcited by 2,436
  5. 2018PointPillars: Fast Encoders for Object Detection from Point Cloudscited by 1,707
  6. 2019MixMatch: A Holistic Approach to Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 1,390
  7. 2017VoxelNet: End-to-End Learning for Point Cloud Based 3D Object Detectioncited by 1,323
  8. 2019Self-training with Noisy Student improves ImageNet classificationcited by 1,304
  9. 2020Center-based 3D Object Detection and Trackingcited by 1,143
  10. 2019Unsupervised Data Augmentation for Consistency Trainingcited by 1,057
  11. 2018PointRCNN: 3D Object Proposal Generation and Detection from Point Cloudcited by 939
  12. 2019PV-RCNN: Point-Voxel Feature Set Abstraction for 3D Object Detectioncited by 890
37 more
  1. 2018AutoAugment: Learning Augmentation Policies from Datacited by 728
  2. 2016Multi-View 3D Object Detection Network for Autonomous Drivingcited by 721
  3. 2017Frustum PointNets for 3D Object Detection from RGB-D Datacited by 640
  4. 2017Mean teachers are better role models: Weight-averaged consistency targets improve semi-supervised deep learning resultscited by 470
  5. 2018Domain Adaptive Faster R-CNN for Object Detection in the Wildcited by 442
  6. 20203DSSD: Point-based 3D Single Stage Object Detectorcited by 440
  7. 2020Voxel R-CNN: Towards High Performance Voxel-based 3D Object Detectioncited by 409
  8. 2019From Points to Parts: 3D Object Detection from Point Cloud with Part-aware and Part-aggregation Networkcited by 366
  9. 2019PIXOR: Real-time 3D Object Detection from Point Cloudscited by 358
  10. 2017Joint 3D Proposal Generation and Object Detection from View Aggregationcited by 325
  11. 2019STD: Sparse-to-Dense 3D Object Detector for Point Cloudcited by 282
  12. 2018Strong-Weak Distribution Alignment for Adaptive Object Detectioncited by 269
  13. 2020Unbiased Mean Teacher for Cross-domain Object Detectioncited by 158
  14. 2021ST3D: Self-training for Unsupervised Domain Adaptation on 3D Object Detectioncited by 158
  15. 2020Train in Germany, Test in The USA: Making 3D Object Detectors Generalizecited by 150
  16. 2019Exploring Object Relation in Mean Teacher for Cross-Domain Detectioncited by 136
  17. 2020Exploring Categorical Regularization for Domain Adaptive Object Detectioncited by 130
  18. 2019Diversify and Match: A Domain Adaptive Representation Learning Paradigm for Object Detectioncited by 122
  19. 2021SE-SSD: Self-Ensembling Single-Stage Object Detector From Point Cloudcited by 119
  20. 2019A Robust Learning Approach to Domain Adaptive Object Detectioncited by 109
  21. 2020Every Pixel Matters: Center-aware Feature Alignment for Domain Adaptive Object Detectorcited by 106
  22. 2021MeGA-CDA: Memory Guided Attention for Category-Aware Unsupervised Domain Adaptive Object Detectioncited by 106
  23. 2021SPG: Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for 3D Object Detection via Semantic Point Generationcited by 93
  24. 2019Self-Training and Adversarial Background Regularization for Unsupervised Domain Adaptive One-Stage Object Detectioncited by 83
  25. 2019Automatic adaptation of object detectors to new domains using self-trainingcited by 66
  26. 2021Unsupervised Domain Adaptive 3D Detection with Multi-Level Consistencycited by 63
  27. 2021ST3D++: Denoised Self-training for Unsupervised Domain Adaptation on 3D Object Detectioncited by 57
  28. 2022LiDAR Distillation: Bridging the Beam-Induced Domain Gap for 3D Object Detectioncited by 54
  29. 2019Domain Adaptation for Object Detection via Style Consistencycited by 45
  30. 2020Collaborative Training between Region Proposal Localization and Classification for Domain Adaptive Object Detectioncited by 44
  31. 2021Imperceptible Transfer Attack and Defense on 3D Point Cloud Classificationcited by 36
  32. 2020SF-UDA3D: Source-Free Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for LiDAR-Based 3D Object Detectioncited by 25
  33. 2020Graph Signal Processing for Geometric Data and Beyond: Theory and Applicationscited by 23
  34. 2022Exploring the Devil in Graph Spectral Domain for 3D Point Cloud Attackscited by 19
  35. 2021Uncertainty-aware Mean Teacher for Source-free Unsupervised Domain Adaptive 3D Object Detectioncited by 18
  36. 2022Point Cloud Attacks in Graph Spectral Domain: When 3D Geometry Meets Graph Signal Processingcited by 16
  37. 2021Attentive Prototypes for Source-free Unsupervised Domain Adaptive 3D Object Detectioncited by 13

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 5; 2024: 12; 2025: 9; 2026: 5.

31 papers.

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  1. 2023A Survey of Label-Efficient Deep Learning for 3D Point Cloudscited by 20
  2. 2024RoboFusion: Towards Robust Multi-Modal 3D Object Detection via SAMcited by 20
  3. 2025Perspective-Invariant 3D Object Detectioncited by 16
  4. 2023MS3D++: Ensemble of Experts for Multi-Source Unsupervised Domain Adaptation in 3D Object Detectioncited by 14
  5. 2024Unified Domain Generalization and Adaptation for Multi-View 3D Object Detectioncited by 13
  6. 2024UADA3D: Unsupervised Adversarial Domain Adaptation for 3D Object Detection with Sparse LiDAR and Large Domain Gapscited by 12
  7. 2024PCoTTA: Continual Test-Time Adaptation for Multi-Task Point Cloud Understandingcited by 11
  8. 20233DHacker: Spectrum-based Decision Boundary Generation for Hard-label 3D Point Cloud Attackcited by 9
  9. 2023Rethinking LiDAR Domain Generalization: Single Source as Multiple Density Domainscited by 7
  10. 2024Pseudo Label Refinery for Unsupervised Domain Adaptation on Cross-dataset 3D Object Detectioncited by 7
  11. 2023Domain Generalization of 3D Object Detection by Density-Resamplingcited by 6
  12. 2024STAL3D: Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for 3D Object Detection via Collaborating Self-Training and Adversarial Learningcited by 6
19 more
  1. 2024Detect Closer Surfaces that can be Seen: New Modeling and Evaluation in Cross-domain 3D Object Detectioncited by 4
  2. 2024DALI: Domain Adaptive LiDAR Object Detection via Distribution-level and Instance-level Pseudo Label Denoisingcited by 4
  3. 2025LiDAR Remote Sensing Meets Weak Supervision: Concepts, Methods, and Perspectivescited by 4
  4. 2024Joint Top-Down and Bottom-Up Frameworks for 3D Visual Groundingcited by 3
  5. 2025PSA-SSL: Pose and Size-aware Self-Supervised Learning on LiDAR Point Cloudscited by 3
  6. 2025GBlobs: Explicit Local Structure via Gaussian Blobs for Improved Cross-Domain LiDAR-based 3D Object Detectioncited by 2
  7. 2025Co-STAR: Collaborative Curriculum Self-Training with Adaptive Regularization for Source-Free Video Domain Adaptationcited by 2
  8. 2024Semi-Supervised Domain Adaptation Using Target-Oriented Domain Augmentation for 3D Object Detectioncited by 1
  9. 2025Improving Generalization Ability for 3D Object Detection by Learning Sparsity-invariant Featurescited by 1
  10. 2026RESOLVE: A Multi-Resolution and Multi-Modal Dataset for Roadside Cooperative Perceptioncited by 1
  11. 2024Finetuning Pre-trained Model with Limited Data for LiDAR-based 3D Object Detection by Bridging Domain Gapscited by 0
  12. 2024Hard-Label Black-Box Attacks on 3D Point Cloudscited by 0
  13. 2025An Investigation of Beam Density on LiDAR Object Detection Performancecited by 0
  14. 2025CornerPoint3D: Look at the Nearest Corner Instead of the Centercited by 0
  15. 2025Domain Adaptation for Different Sensor Configurations in 3D Object Detectioncited by 0
  16. 2026Towards Robust Cross-Dataset Object Detection Generalization under Domain Specificitycited by 0
  17. 2026PanDA: Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Multimodal 3D Panoptic Segmentation in Autonomous Drivingcited by 0
  18. 2026WILD SAM: A Simulated-and-Real Data Augmentation for Autonomous Driving Perception under Challenging Weathercited by 0
  19. 2026SimFuse3D: Source-Guided Target Simulation and Confidence-Guided Multi-Stage Localization Reweighting for Cross-Platform 3D Object Detectioncited by 0