mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

PaaS: Planning as a Service for reactive driving in CARLA Leaderboard

arXiv 2304.08252 ↗First posted 17 Apr 2023cs.ROcited by 1

On the map: End-to-end autonomous driving → End-to-end system architecture

Abstract (arXiv)

End-to-end deep learning approaches has been proven to be efficient in autonomous driving and robotics. By using deep learning techniques for decision-making, those systems are often referred to as a black box, and the result is driven by data. In this paper, we propose PaaS (Planning as a Service), a vanilla module to generate local trajectory planning for autonomous driving in CARLA simulation. Our method is submitted in International CARLA Autonomous Driving Leaderboard (CADL), which is a platform to evaluate the driving proficiency of autonomous agents in realistic traffic scenarios. Our approach focuses on reactive planning in Frenet frame under complex urban street's constraints and driver's comfort. The planner generates a collection of feasible trajectories, leveraging heuristic cost functions with controllable driving style factor to choose the optimal-control path that satisfies safe travelling criteria. PaaS can provide sufficient solutions to handle well under challenging traffic situations in CADL. As the strict evaluation in CADL Map Track, our approach ranked 3rd out of 9 submissions regarding the measure of driving score. However, with the focus on minimizing the risk of maneuver and ensuring passenger safety, our figures corresponding to infraction penalty dominate the two leading submissions for 20 percent.

Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in End-to-end system architecture, one of 9 directions in End-to-end autonomous driving. Builds on 16 of its 41 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Apr 2023.

Builds on

16 of 41 references.

Closest ancestors · 4

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2022MMFN: Multi-Modal-Fusion-Net for End-to-End Driving1 Jul
  2. 2022Trajectory-guided Control Prediction for End-to-end Autonomous Driving: A Simple yet Strong Baseline16 Jun
  3. 2022TransFuser: Imitation with Transformer-Based Sensor Fusion for Autonomous Driving31 May
  4. 2021Multi-Modal Fusion Transformer for End-to-End Autonomous Driving19 Apr

Other references · 12

  1. 2017CARLA: An Open Urban Driving Simulatorcited by 2,449
  2. 2021YOLOX: Exceeding YOLO Series in 2021cited by 1,071
  3. 2019PV-RCNN: Point-Voxel Feature Set Abstraction for 3D Object Detectioncited by 891
  4. 2022Safety-Enhanced Autonomous Driving Using Interpretable Sensor Fusion Transformercited by 212
  5. 2019End-to-End Model-Free Reinforcement Learning for Urban Driving using Implicit Affordancescited by 149
  6. 2022Learning from All Vehiclescited by 135
  7. 2021Learning to drive from a world on railscited by 114
  8. 2021GRI: General Reinforced Imitation and its Application to Vision-Based Autonomous Drivingcited by 60
  9. 2022Reducing Collision Checking for Sampling-Based Motion Planning Using Graph Neural Networkscited by 17
  10. 2020A Software Architecture for Autonomous Vehicles: Team LRM-B Entry in the First CARLA Autonomous Driving Challengecited by 5
  11. 2020Hybrid Systems Differential Dynamic Programming for Whole-Body Motion Planning of Legged Robotscited by 4
  12. 2022Automated Vehicle Highway Merging: Motion Planning via Adaptive Interactive Mixed-Integer MPCcited by 1

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Cited by year

Citing papers per year: 2023: 1.

1 paper.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2025Benchmarking Autonomous Driving Planners Across Leaderboards: A Unified CARLA-Based Evaluation
  2. 2024Analysis of a Modular Autonomous Driving Architecture: The Top Submission to CARLA Leaderboard 2.0 Challenge
  3. 2024Towards learning-based planning:The nuPlan benchmark for real-world autonomous driving
  4. 2026Learning-Based Behavior Planning for Automated Driving: Real-World Integration and Deployment
  5. 2026PlanRL: A Trajectory Planning Architecture for Reinforcement Learning-based Driving Experts
  6. 2026TaCarla: A comprehensive benchmarking dataset for end-to-end autonomous driving
  7. 2025A Comprehensive Review of Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Driving in the CARLA Simulator
  8. 2022Informed sampling-based trajectory planner for automated driving in dynamic urban environments