mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

ERNIE-Music: Text-to-Waveform Music Generation with Diffusion Models

arXiv 2302.04456 ↗First posted 9 Feb 2023cs.SD cs.AI cs.CLcited by 15

On the map: Diffusion models → Audio, speech and music

Abstract (arXiv)

In recent years, the burgeoning interest in diffusion models has led to significant advances in image and speech generation. Nevertheless, the direct synthesis of music waveforms from unrestricted textual prompts remains a relatively underexplored domain. In response to this lacuna, this paper introduces a pioneering contribution in the form of a text-to-waveform music generation model, underpinned by the utilization of diffusion models. Our methodology hinges on the innovative incorporation of free-form textual prompts as conditional factors to guide the waveform generation process within the diffusion model framework. Addressing the challenge of limited text-music parallel data, we undertake the creation of a dataset by harnessing web resources, a task facilitated by weak supervision techniques. Furthermore, a rigorous empirical inquiry is undertaken to contrast the efficacy of two distinct prompt formats for text conditioning, namely, music tags and unconstrained textual descriptions. The outcomes of this comparative analysis affirm the superior performance of our proposed model in terms of enhancing text-music relevance. Finally, our work culminates in a demonstrative exhibition of the excellent capabilities of our model in text-to-music generation. We further demonstrate that our generated music in the waveform domain outperforms previous works by a large margin in terms of diversity, quality, and text-music relevance.

Key facts. Cited by 15 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Audio, speech and music, one of 14 directions in Diffusion models. Builds on 25 of its 37 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 Feb 2023.

Builds on

25 of 37 references.

Closest ancestors · 1

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2023Noise2Music: Text-conditioned Music Generation with Diffusion Models8 Feb

Other references · 24

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2020Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 20,851
  3. 2015U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentationcited by 19,604
  4. 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 18,694
  5. 2019Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networkscited by 9,049
  6. 2020Score-Based Generative Modeling through Stochastic Differential Equationscited by 8,964
  7. 2021Diffusion Models Beat GANs on Image Synthesiscited by 8,185
  8. 2015Deep Unsupervised Learning using Nonequilibrium Thermodynamicscited by 7,005
  9. 2022Hierarchical Text-Conditional Image Generation with CLIP Latentscited by 6,539
  10. 2019Generative Modeling by Estimating Gradients of the Data Distributioncited by 4,067
  11. 2021Improved Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 3,736
  12. 2021GLIDE: Towards Photorealistic Image Generation and Editing with Text-Guided Diffusion Modelscited by 3,595
12 more
  1. 2014Conditional Generative Adversarial Netscited by 2,152
  2. 2016WaveNet: A Generative Model for Raw Audiocited by 1,710
  3. 2021Variational Diffusion Modelscited by 1,145
  4. 2020WaveGrad: Estimating Gradients for Waveform Generationcited by 620
  5. 2022AudioGen: Textually Guided Audio Generationcited by 292
  6. 2019Neural Stochastic Differential Equations: Deep Latent Gaussian Models in the Diffusion Limitcited by 168
  7. 2016SampleRNN: An Unconditional End-to-End Neural Audio Generation Modelcited by 110
  8. 2020ERNIE-M: Enhanced Multilingual Representation by Aligning Cross-lingual Semantics with Monolingual Corporacited by 63
  9. 2022Video Background Music Generation: Dataset, Method and Evaluationcited by 28
  10. 2022Musika! Fast Infinite Waveform Music Generationcited by 24
  11. 2022Exploring the Efficacy of Pre-trained Checkpoints in Text-to-Music Generation Taskcited by 13
  12. 2020Vector Quantized Contrastive Predictive Coding for Template-based Music Generationcited by 10

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 2; 2024: 7; 2025: 4; 2026: 2.

15 papers.

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  1. 2023Mustango: Toward Controllable Text-to-Music Generationcited by 100
  2. 2023MuseCoco: Generating Symbolic Music from Textcited by 50
  3. 2024Foundation Models for Music: A Surveycited by 34
  4. 2024MuChin: A Chinese Colloquial Description Benchmark for Evaluating Language Models in the Field of Musiccited by 15
  5. 2024A Survey of Deep Learning Audio Generation Methodscited by 5
  6. 2025A Survey on Music Generation from Single-Modal, Cross-Modal, and Multi-Modal Perspectivescited by 4
  7. 2024Survey of User Interface Design and Interaction Techniques in Generative AI Applicationscited by 3
  8. 2025FlowMotion: Target-Predictive Conditional Flow Matching for Jitter-Reduced Text-Driven Human Motion Generationcited by 3
  9. 2025QAMRO: Quality-aware Adaptive Margin Ranking Optimization for Human-aligned Assessment of Audio Generation Systemscited by 3
  10. 2024MuDiT & MuSiT: Alignment with Colloquial Expression in Description-to-Song Generationcited by 2
  11. 2024Why Perturbing Symbolic Music is Necessary: Fitting the Distribution of Never-used Notes through a Joint Probabilistic Diffusion Modelcited by 2
  12. 2024MuseBarControl: Enhancing Fine-Grained Control in Symbolic Music Generation through Pre-Training and Counterfactual Losscited by 0
3 more
  1. 2025TinyMusician: On-Device Music Generation with Knowledge Distillation and Mixed Precision Quantizationcited by 0
  2. 2026SqueezeComposer: Temporal Speed-up is A Simple Trick for Long-form Music Composingcited by 0
  3. 2026JenBridge: Adaptive Long-Form Video Soundtracking across Scene Transitionscited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2024Multi-Track MusicLDM: Towards Versatile Music Generation with Latent Diffusion Model
  2. 2025Generation of Musical Timbres using a Text-Guided Diffusion Model
  3. 2026Instrumental Text-to-Music Generation with Auxiliary Conditioning Branches ↗
  4. 2023JEN-1: Text-Guided Universal Music Generation with Omnidirectional Diffusion Models
  5. 2023Mousai: Text-to-Music Generation with Long-Context Latent Diffusion
  6. 2025Diffusion based Text-to-Music Generation with Global and Local Text based Conditioning
  7. 2025DiffRhythm: Blazingly Fast and Embarrassingly Simple End-to-End Full-Length Song Generation with Latent Diffusion
  8. 2025Diff-TONE: Timestep Optimization for iNstrument Editing in Text-to-Music Diffusion Models