mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Cap4Video: What Can Auxiliary Captions Do for Text-Video Retrieval?

arXiv 2301.00184 ↗First posted 31 Dec 2022cs.CVcited by 90

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Abstract (arXiv)

Most existing text-video retrieval methods focus on cross-modal matching between the visual content of videos and textual query sentences. However, in real-world scenarios, online videos are often accompanied by relevant text information such as titles, tags, and even subtitles, which can be utilized to match textual queries. This insight has motivated us to propose a novel approach to text-video retrieval, where we directly generate associated captions from videos using zero-shot video captioning with knowledge from web-scale pre-trained models (e.g., CLIP and GPT-2). Given the generated captions, a natural question arises: what benefits do they bring to text-video retrieval? To answer this, we introduce Cap4Video, a new framework that leverages captions in three ways: i) Input data: video-caption pairs can augment the training data. ii) Intermediate feature interaction: we perform cross-modal feature interaction between the video and caption to produce enhanced video representations. iii) Output score: the Query-Caption matching branch can complement the original Query-Video matching branch for text-video retrieval. We conduct comprehensive ablation studies to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach. Without any post-processing, Cap4Video achieves state-of-the-art performance on four standard text-video retrieval benchmarks: MSR-VTT (51.4%), VATEX (66.6%), MSVD (51.8%), and DiDeMo (52.0%). The code is available at https://github.com/whwu95/Cap4Video .

Key facts. Cited by 90 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 39 of its 49 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 31 Dec 2022.

Builds on

39 of 49 references.

References · 39

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
  3. 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,456
  4. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
  5. 2021Scaling Up Visual and Vision-Language Representation Learning With Noisy Text Supervisioncited by 3,848
  6. 2019ViLBERT: Pretraining Task-Agnostic Visiolinguistic Representations for Vision-and-Language Taskscited by 2,219
  7. 2017Accurate, Large Minibatch SGD: Training ImageNet in 1 Hourcited by 1,479
  8. 2022CoCa: Contrastive Captioners are Image-Text Foundation Modelscited by 1,265
  9. 2021Frozen in Time: A Joint Video and Image Encoder for End-to-End Retrievalcited by 1,175
  10. 2020ColBERT: Efficient and Effective Passage Search via Contextualized Late Interaction over BERTcited by 1,160
  11. 2019HowTo100M: Learning a Text-Video Embedding by Watching Hundred Million Narrated Video Clipscited by 946
  12. 2021Florence: A New Foundation Model for Computer Visioncited by 802
27 more
  1. 2017Localizing Moments in Video with Natural Languagecited by 660
  2. 2021CLIP4Clip: An Empirical Study of CLIP for End to End Video Clip Retrievalcited by 645
  3. 2021FILIP: Fine-grained Interactive Language-Image Pre-Trainingcited by 626
  4. 2019End-to-End Learning of Visual Representations from Uncurated Instructional Videoscited by 506
  5. 2021Less is More: ClipBERT for Video-and-Language Learning via Sparse Samplingcited by 484
  6. 2019VATEX: A Large-Scale, High-Quality Multilingual Dataset for Video-and-Language Researchcited by 412
  7. 2020Multi-modal Transformer for Video Retrievalcited by 395
  8. 2022X-CLIP: End-to-End Multi-grained Contrastive Learning for Video-Text Retrievalcited by 279
  9. 2021CLIP2Video: Mastering Video-Text Retrieval via Image CLIPcited by 223
  10. 2019Use What You Have: Video Retrieval Using Representations From Collaborative Expertscited by 214
  11. 2020Fine-grained Video-Text Retrieval with Hierarchical Graph Reasoningcited by 180
  12. 2020Support-set bottlenecks for video-text representation learningcited by 170
  13. 2021ZeroCap: Zero-Shot Image-to-Text Generation for Visual-Semantic Arithmeticcited by 150
  14. 2022X-Pool: Cross-Modal Language-Video Attention for Text-Video Retrievalcited by 127
  15. 2021Improving Video-Text Retrieval by Multi-Stream Corpus Alignment and Dual Softmax Losscited by 116
  16. 2022TS2-Net: Token Shift and Selection Transformer for Text-Video Retrievalcited by 104
  17. 2021T2VLAD: Global-Local Sequence Alignment for Text-Video Retrievalcited by 103
  18. 2022Language Models Can See: Plugging Visual Controls in Text Generationcited by 89
  19. 2022CenterCLIP: Token Clustering for Efficient Text-Video Retrievalcited by 86
  20. 2022Bridging Video-text Retrieval with Multiple Choice Questionscited by 79
  21. 2022Disentangled Representation Learning for Text-Video Retrievalcited by 77
  22. 2021Cross Modal Retrieval with Querybank Normalisationcited by 71
  23. 2022Revisiting Classifier: Transferring Vision-Language Models for Video Recognitioncited by 70
  24. 2022A CLIP-Hitchhiker's Guide to Long Video Retrievalcited by 57
  25. 2016Deep Learning for Video Classification and Captioningcited by 28
  26. 2022Zero-Shot Video Captioning with Evolving Pseudo-Tokenscited by 25
  27. 2022Text-Adaptive Multiple Visual Prototype Matching for Video-Text Retrievalcited by 20

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Citing papers per year: 2023: 17; 2024: 30; 2025: 34; 2026: 9.

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  1. 2023Vision-by-Language for Training-Free Compositional Image Retrievalcited by 102
  2. 2023Retrieving Multimodal Information for Augmented Generation: A Surveycited by 84
  3. 2023UATVR: Uncertainty-Adaptive Text-Video Retrievalcited by 55
  4. 2024Dense Connector for MLLMscited by 48
  5. 2024TempMe: Video Temporal Token Merging for Efficient Text-Video Retrievalcited by 39
  6. 2023Prompt Switch: Efficient CLIP Adaptation for Text-Video Retrievalcited by 35
  7. 2023GPT4Vis: What Can GPT-4 Do for Zero-shot Visual Recognition?cited by 33
  8. 2024Text Is MASS: Modeling as Stochastic Embedding for Text-Video Retrievalcited by 33
  9. 2024FreeVA: Offline MLLM as Training-Free Video Assistantcited by 29
  10. 2023Towards Balanced Alignment: Modal-Enhanced Semantic Modeling for Video Moment Retrievalcited by 27
  11. 2024DGL: Dynamic Global-Local Prompt Tuning for Text-Video Retrievalcited by 26
  12. 2023GMMFormer: Gaussian-Mixture-Model Based Transformer for Efficient Partially Relevant Video Retrievalcited by 20
38 more
  1. 2025Video-ColBERT: Contextualized Late Interaction for Text-to-Video Retrievalcited by 20
  2. 2025Towards Efficient Partially Relevant Video Retrieval with Active Moment Discoveringcited by 17
  3. 2025HLFormer: Enhancing Partially Relevant Video Retrieval with Hyperbolic Learningcited by 17
  4. 2024Tri-Modal Motion Retrieval by Learning a Joint Embedding Spacecited by 16
  5. 2024Referring Atomic Video Action Recognitioncited by 16
  6. 2025UniVA: Universal Video Agent towards Open-Source Next-Generation Video Generalistcited by 15
  7. 2024Multimodal LLM Enhanced Cross-lingual Cross-modal Retrievalcited by 13
  8. 2023What Can Simple Arithmetic Operations Do for Temporal Modeling?cited by 12
  9. 2023Side4Video: Spatial-Temporal Side Network for Memory-Efficient Image-to-Video Transfer Learningcited by 11
  10. 2023CL2CM: Improving Cross-Lingual Cross-Modal Retrieval via Cross-Lingual Knowledge Transfercited by 10
  11. 2024Progress-Aware Video Frame Captioningcited by 10
  12. 2025Narrating the Video: Boosting Text-Video Retrieval via Comprehensive Utilization of Frame-Level Captionscited by 10
  13. 2025Ambiguity-Restrained Text-Video Representation Learning for Partially Relevant Video Retrievalcited by 10
  14. 2024Siamese Learning with Joint Alignment and Regression for Weakly-Supervised Video Paragraph Groundingcited by 9
  15. 2024MLLM as Video Narrator: Mitigating Modality Imbalance in Video Moment Retrievalcited by 9
  16. 2024MERLIN: Multimodal Embedding Refinement via LLM-based Iterative Navigation for Text-Video Retrieval-Rerank Pipelinecited by 9
  17. 2023RTQ: Rethinking Video-language Understanding Based on Image-text Modelcited by 8
  18. 2024GPT4Ego: Unleashing the Potential of Pre-trained Models for Zero-Shot Egocentric Action Recognitioncited by 8
  19. 2024EA-VTR: Event-Aware Video-Text Retrievalcited by 8
  20. 2025MMMORRF: Multimodal Multilingual Modularized Reciprocal Rank Fusioncited by 8
  21. 2025Prototypes are Balanced Units for Efficient and Effective Partially Relevant Video Retrievalcited by 8
  22. 2024Organizing Unstructured Image Collections using Natural Languagecited by 7
  23. 2023An Empirical Study of Frame Selection for Text-to-Video Retrievalcited by 6
  24. 2023Mask to reconstruct: Cooperative Semantics Completion for Video-text Retrievalcited by 5
  25. 2023In-Style: Bridging Text and Uncurated Videos with Style Transfer for Text-Video Retrievalcited by 5
  26. 2024VidLA: Video-Language Alignment at Scalecited by 5
  27. 2024Bridging Information Asymmetry in Text-video Retrieval: A Data-centric Approachcited by 5
  28. 2025AnyCap Project: A Unified Framework, Dataset, and Benchmark for Controllable Omni-modal Captioningcited by 5
  29. 2025Uneven Event Modeling for Partially Relevant Video Retrievalcited by 4
  30. 2025DiscoVLA: Discrepancy Reduction in Vision, Language, and Alignment for Parameter-Efficient Video-Text Retrievalcited by 4
  31. 2025Bidirectional Likelihood Estimation with Multi-Modal Large Language Models for Text-Video Retrievalcited by 4
  32. 2025Hybrid-Tower: Fine-grained Pseudo-query Interaction and Generation for Text-to-Video Retrievalcited by 4
  33. 2025ConViS-Bench: Estimating Video Similarity Through Semantic Conceptscited by 4
  34. 2023ViLP: Knowledge Exploration using Vision, Language, and Pose Embeddings for Video Action Recognitioncited by 3
  35. 2024DREAM: Improving Video-Text Retrieval Through Relevance-Based Augmentation Using Large Foundation Modelscited by 3
  36. 2024T2VIndexer: A Generative Video Indexer for Efficient Text-Video Retrievalcited by 3
  37. 2024Task Success Prediction for Open-Vocabulary Manipulation Based on Multi-Level Aligned Representationscited by 3
  38. 2024It's Just Another Day: Unique Video Captioning by Discriminative Promptingcited by 3

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