Ground then Navigate: Language-guided Navigation in Dynamic Scenes
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
We investigate the Vision-and-Language Navigation (VLN) problem in the context of autonomous driving in outdoor settings. We solve the problem by explicitly grounding the navigable regions corresponding to the textual command. At each timestamp, the model predicts a segmentation mask corresponding to the intermediate or the final navigable region. Our work contrasts with existing efforts in VLN, which pose this task as a node selection problem, given a discrete connected graph corresponding to the environment. We do not assume the availability of such a discretised map. Our work moves towards continuity in action space, provides interpretability through visual feedback and allows VLN on commands requiring finer manoeuvres like "park between the two cars". Furthermore, we propose a novel meta-dataset CARLA-NAV to allow efficient training and validation. The dataset comprises pre-recorded training sequences and a live environment for validation and testing. We provide extensive qualitative and quantitive empirical results to validate the efficacy of the proposed approach.
Key facts. Cited by 20 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 37 of its 47 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Sep 2022.
Builds on
37 of 47 references.
References · 37
- 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,456
- 2019nuScenes: A multimodal dataset for autonomous drivingcited by 4,485
- 2017CARLA: An Open Urban Driving Simulatorcited by 2,431
- 2017Matterport3D: Learning from RGB-D Data in Indoor Environmentscited by 1,354
- 2017Vision-and-Language Navigation: Interpreting visually-grounded navigation instructions in real environmentscited by 1,013
- 2017AI2-THOR: An Interactive 3D Environment for Visual AIcited by 850
- 2020Beyond the Nav-Graph: Vision-and-Language Navigation in Continuous Environmentscited by 429
- 2019Cross-Modal Self-Attention Network for Referring Image Segmentationcited by 263
- 2016Segmentation from Natural Language Expressionscited by 257
- 2018Touchdown: Natural Language Navigation and Spatial Reasoning in Visual Street Environmentscited by 238
- 2019Talk2Car: Taking Control of Your Self-Driving Carcited by 141
- 2020Referring Image Segmentation via Cross-Modal Progressive Comprehensioncited by 131
25 more
- 2015Natural Language Object Retrievalcited by 124
- 2015Grounding of Textual Phrases in Images by Reconstructioncited by 112
- 2019Dynamic Graph Attention for Referring Expression Comprehensioncited by 111
- 2018Building Generalizable Agents with a Realistic and Rich 3D Environmentcited by 109
- 2018Learning to Navigate in Cities Without a Mapcited by 103
- 2019General Evaluation for Instruction Conditioned Navigation using Dynamic Time Warpingcited by 102
- 2019Help, Anna! Visual Navigation with Natural Multimodal Assistance via Retrospective Curiosity-Encouraging Imitation Learningcited by 100
- 2017Grounding Referring Expressions in Images by Variational Contextcited by 82
- 2021Generalize then Adapt: Source-Free Domain Adaptive Semantic Segmentationcited by 81
- 2018Vision-based Navigation with Language-based Assistance via Imitation Learning with Indirect Interventioncited by 77
- 2018Combo Loss: Handling Input and Output Imbalance in Multi-Organ Segmentationcited by 76
- 2019From Language to Goals: Inverse Reinforcement Learning for Vision-Based Instruction Followingcited by 67
- 2020Pixel-Level Cycle Association: A New Perspective for Domain Adaptive Semantic Segmentationcited by 58
- 2018Neural Modular Control for Embodied Question Answeringcited by 56
- 2019Are You Looking? Grounding to Multiple Modalities in Vision-and-Language Navigationcited by 54
- 2017Conditional Image-Text Embedding Networkscited by 50
- 2021Hierarchical Cross-Modal Agent for Robotics Vision-and-Language Navigationcited by 47
- 2022Analyzing Generalization of Vision and Language Navigation to Unseen Outdoor Areascited by 24
- 2020Multimodal Text Style Transfer for Outdoor Vision-and-Language Navigationcited by 22
- 2020Generating Landmark Navigation Instructions from Maps as a Graph-to-Text Problemcited by 22
- 2020Learning to Stop: A Simple yet Effective Approach to Urban Vision-Language Navigationcited by 20
- 2020Cosine meets Softmax: A tough-to-beat baseline for visual groundingcited by 10
- 2018Translating Navigation Instructions in Natural Language to a High-Level Plan for Behavioral Robot Navigationcited by 9
- 2021Comprehensive Multi-Modal Interactions for Referring Image Segmentationcited by 9
- 2020High-Level Plan for Behavioral Robot Navigation with Natural Language Directions and R-NETcited by 2
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 6; 2024: 8; 2025: 6.
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- 2023End-to-end Autonomous Driving: Challenges and Frontierscited by 485
- 2023Vision Language Models in Autonomous Driving: A Survey and Outlookcited by 124
- 2023Reason2Drive: Towards Interpretable and Chain-based Reasoning for Autonomous Drivingcited by 122
- 2024RAG-Driver: Generalisable Driving Explanations with Retrieval-Augmented In-Context Learning in Multi-Modal Large Language Modelcited by 91
- 2024Towards Realistic Scene Generation with LiDAR Diffusion Modelscited by 67
- 2024A Survey on Autonomous Driving Datasets: Statistics, Annotation Quality, and a Future Outlookcited by 65
- 2024Toward Visual Grounding: A Surveycited by 52
- 2023GPT-4 Enhanced Multimodal Grounding for Autonomous Driving: Leveraging Cross-Modal Attention with Large Language Modelscited by 31
- 2024Delving into Multi-modal Multi-task Foundation Models for Road Scene Understanding: From Learning Paradigm Perspectivescited by 22
- 2025A Survey on Efficient Vision-Language Modelscited by 19
- 2023CRITERIA: a New Benchmarking Paradigm for Evaluating Trajectory Prediction Models for Autonomous Drivingcited by 8
- 2024LINGO-Space: Language-Conditioned Incremental Grounding for Spacecited by 7
8 more
- 2023Prospective Role of Foundation Models in Advancing Autonomous Vehiclescited by 7
- 2024Open-Set 3D Semantic Instance Maps for Vision Language Navigation -- O3D-SIMcited by 2
- 2025Towards Physics-informed Spatial Intelligence with Human Priors: An Autonomous Driving Pilot Studycited by 2
- 2025A Hierarchical Test Platform for Vision Language Model (VLM)-Integrated Real-World Autonomous Drivingcited by 1
- 2025GENNAV: Polygon Mask Generation for Generalized Referring Navigable Regionscited by 1
- 2024LASMP: Language Aided Subset Sampling Based Motion Plannercited by 0
- 2025HomeEmergency -- Using Audio to Find and Respond to Emergencies in the Homecited by 0
- 2025C2F-Space: Coarse-to-Fine Space Grounding for Spatial Instructions using Vision-Language Modelscited by 0
- 2025C2F-Space: Coarse-to-Fine Space Grounding for Spatial Instructions using Vision-Language Models19 Nov 2025
- 2025Towards Physics-informed Spatial Intelligence with Human Priors: An Autonomous Driving Pilot Study24 Oct 2025
- 2025GENNAV: Polygon Mask Generation for Generalized Referring Navigable Regions28 Aug 2025
- 2025A Hierarchical Test Platform for Vision Language Model (VLM)-Integrated Real-World Autonomous Driving17 Jun 2025
- 2025A Survey on Efficient Vision-Language Models13 Apr 2025
- 2025HomeEmergency -- Using Audio to Find and Respond to Emergencies in the Home1 Apr 2025
- 2024Toward Visual Grounding: A Survey28 Dec 2024
- 2024LASMP: Language Aided Subset Sampling Based Motion Planner1 Oct 2024
- 2024Open-Set 3D Semantic Instance Maps for Vision Language Navigation -- O3D-SIM27 Apr 2024
- 2024Towards Realistic Scene Generation with LiDAR Diffusion Models31 Mar 2024
- 2024RAG-Driver: Generalisable Driving Explanations with Retrieval-Augmented In-Context Learning in Multi-Modal Large Language Model16 Feb 2024
- 2024Delving into Multi-modal Multi-task Foundation Models for Road Scene Understanding: From Learning Paradigm Perspectives5 Feb 2024
8 more
- 2024LINGO-Space: Language-Conditioned Incremental Grounding for Space2 Feb 2024
- 2024A Survey on Autonomous Driving Datasets: Statistics, Annotation Quality, and a Future Outlook2 Jan 2024
- 2023Prospective Role of Foundation Models in Advancing Autonomous Vehicles8 Dec 2023
- 2023Reason2Drive: Towards Interpretable and Chain-based Reasoning for Autonomous Driving6 Dec 2023
- 2023GPT-4 Enhanced Multimodal Grounding for Autonomous Driving: Leveraging Cross-Modal Attention with Large Language Models6 Dec 2023
- 2023Vision Language Models in Autonomous Driving: A Survey and Outlook22 Oct 2023
- 2023CRITERIA: a New Benchmarking Paradigm for Evaluating Trajectory Prediction Models for Autonomous Driving11 Oct 2023
- 2023End-to-end Autonomous Driving: Challenges and Frontiers29 Jun 2023
- 2023Vision Language Models in Autonomous Driving: A Survey and Outlookcited by 124
- 2024RAG-Driver: Generalisable Driving Explanations with Retrieval-Augmented In-Context Learning in Multi-Modal Large Language Modelcited by 91
- 2025A Survey on Efficient Vision-Language Modelscited by 19
- 2025C2F-Space: Coarse-to-Fine Space Grounding for Spatial Instructions using Vision-Language Modelscited by 0
- 2025C2F-Space: Coarse-to-Fine Space Grounding for Spatial Instructions using Vision-Language Models19 Nov 2025
- 2025A Survey on Efficient Vision-Language Models13 Apr 2025
- 2024RAG-Driver: Generalisable Driving Explanations with Retrieval-Augmented In-Context Learning in Multi-Modal Large Language Model16 Feb 2024
- 2023Vision Language Models in Autonomous Driving: A Survey and Outlook22 Oct 2023
- 2024A Survey on Autonomous Driving Datasets: Statistics, Annotation Quality, and a Future Outlookcited by 65
- 2024Toward Visual Grounding: A Surveycited by 52
- 2024Delving into Multi-modal Multi-task Foundation Models for Road Scene Understanding: From Learning Paradigm Perspectivescited by 22
- 2023CRITERIA: a New Benchmarking Paradigm for Evaluating Trajectory Prediction Models for Autonomous Drivingcited by 8
- 2024LINGO-Space: Language-Conditioned Incremental Grounding for Spacecited by 7
- 2023Prospective Role of Foundation Models in Advancing Autonomous Vehiclescited by 7
- 2024Open-Set 3D Semantic Instance Maps for Vision Language Navigation -- O3D-SIMcited by 2
- 2025Towards Physics-informed Spatial Intelligence with Human Priors: An Autonomous Driving Pilot Studycited by 2
- 2025GENNAV: Polygon Mask Generation for Generalized Referring Navigable Regionscited by 1
- 2024LASMP: Language Aided Subset Sampling Based Motion Plannercited by 0
- 2025HomeEmergency -- Using Audio to Find and Respond to Emergencies in the Homecited by 0
- 2025Towards Physics-informed Spatial Intelligence with Human Priors: An Autonomous Driving Pilot Study24 Oct 2025
- 2025GENNAV: Polygon Mask Generation for Generalized Referring Navigable Regions28 Aug 2025
- 2025HomeEmergency -- Using Audio to Find and Respond to Emergencies in the Home1 Apr 2025
- 2024Toward Visual Grounding: A Survey28 Dec 2024
- 2024LASMP: Language Aided Subset Sampling Based Motion Planner1 Oct 2024
- 2024Open-Set 3D Semantic Instance Maps for Vision Language Navigation -- O3D-SIM27 Apr 2024
- 2024Delving into Multi-modal Multi-task Foundation Models for Road Scene Understanding: From Learning Paradigm Perspectives5 Feb 2024
- 2024LINGO-Space: Language-Conditioned Incremental Grounding for Space2 Feb 2024
- 2024A Survey on Autonomous Driving Datasets: Statistics, Annotation Quality, and a Future Outlook2 Jan 2024
- 2023Prospective Role of Foundation Models in Advancing Autonomous Vehicles8 Dec 2023
- 2023CRITERIA: a New Benchmarking Paradigm for Evaluating Trajectory Prediction Models for Autonomous Driving11 Oct 2023