mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Large Language Models and the Reverse Turing Test

arXiv 2207.14382 ↗First posted 28 Jul 2022cs.CL cs.AI cs.LGcited by 38

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Abstract (arXiv)

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been transformative. They are pre-trained foundational models that are self-supervised and can be adapted with fine tuning to a wide range of natural language tasks, each of which previously would have required a separate network model. This is one step closer to the extraordinary versatility of human language. GPT-3 and more recently LaMDA can carry on dialogs with humans on many topics after minimal priming with a few examples. However, there has been a wide range of reactions and debate on whether these LLMs understand what they are saying or exhibit signs of intelligence. This high variance is exhibited in three interviews with LLMs reaching wildly different conclusions. A new possibility was uncovered that could explain this divergence. What appears to be intelligence in LLMs may in fact be a mirror that reflects the intelligence of the interviewer, a remarkable twist that could be considered a Reverse Turing Test. If so, then by studying interviews we may be learning more about the intelligence and beliefs of the interviewer than the intelligence of the LLMs. As LLMs become more capable they may transform the way we interact with machines and how they interact with each other. Increasingly, LLMs are being coupled with sensorimotor devices. LLMs can talk the talk, but can they walk the walk? A road map for achieving artificial general autonomy is outlined with seven major improvements inspired by brain systems. LLMs could be used to uncover new insights into brain function by downloading brain data during natural behaviors.

Key facts. Cited by 38 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 19 of its 84 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 28 Jul 2022.

Builds on

19 of 84 references.

References · 19

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
  2. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
  3. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
  4. 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,459
  5. 2022PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathwayscited by 5,326
  6. 2022Training Compute-Optimal Large Language Modelscited by 3,019
  7. 2022LaMDA: Language Models for Dialog Applicationscited by 1,220
  8. 2019Dota 2 with Large Scale Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 1,103
  9. 2022Inner Monologue: Embodied Reasoning through Planning with Language Modelscited by 1,081
  10. 2017Nearly-tight VC-dimension and pseudodimension bounds for piecewise linear neural networkscited by 311
  11. 2022Language models show human-like content effects on reasoning taskscited by 173
  12. 2022Compute Trends Across Three Eras of Machine Learningcited by 163
7 more
  1. 2021From Motor Control to Team Play in Simulated Humanoid Footballcited by 87
  2. 2021Replay in Deep Learning: Current Approaches and Missing Biological Elementscited by 72
  3. 2020The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Learning in Artificial Intelligencecited by 57
  4. 2021Brain-inspired computing: We need a master plancited by 51
  5. 2020Review of The Book of Why: The New Science of Cause and Effectcited by 19
  6. 2019Diversity-enabled sweet spots in layered architectures and speed-accuracy trade-offs in sensorimotor controlcited by 7
  7. 2021Internal Feedback in Biological Control: Locality and System Level Synthesiscited by 1

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Cited by year

Citing papers per year: 2022: 4; 2023: 12; 2024: 12; 2025: 10.

38 papers.

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  1. 2022The Debate Over Understanding in AI's Large Language Modelscited by 142
  2. 2022Toward Next-Generation Artificial Intelligence: Catalyzing the NeuroAI Revolutioncited by 78
  3. 2023Boosting Theory-of-Mind Performance in Large Language Models via Promptingcited by 64
  4. 2023Large Language Models: The Need for Nuance in Current Debates and a Pragmatic Perspective on Understandingcited by 20
  5. 2023Impact of Guidance and Interaction Strategies for LLM Use on Learner Performance and Perceptioncited by 19
  6. 2024How Well Can LLMs Echo Us? Evaluating AI Chatbots' Role-Play Ability with ECHOcited by 19
  7. 2024Attributions toward Artificial Agents in a modified Moral Turing Testcited by 18
  8. 2024Exploring the Frontiers of LLMs in Psychological Applications: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 17
  9. 2024LLM-driven Imitation of Subrational Behavior : Illusion or Reality?cited by 12
  10. 2023Observations on LLMs for Telecom Domain: Capabilities and Limitationscited by 11
  11. 2025IMPersona: Evaluating Individual Level LM Impersonationcited by 11
  12. 2024Transformers and Cortical Waves: Encoders for Pulling In Context Across Timecited by 7
26 more
  1. 2025AI Awarenesscited by 7
  2. 2023Eight challenges in developing theory of intelligencecited by 6
  3. 2023Aligning Large Language Models for Clinical Taskscited by 6
  4. 2024Can Large Language Model Summarizers Adapt to Diverse Scientific Communication Goals?cited by 6
  5. 2025Digital Player: Evaluating Large Language Models based Human-like Agent in Gamescited by 6
  6. 2024Advancing Investment Frontiers: Industry-grade Deep Reinforcement Learning for Portfolio Optimizationcited by 4
  7. 2024Large Language Models as Neurolinguistic Subjects: Discrepancy between Performance and Competencecited by 4
  8. 2023Survey of Consciousness Theory from Computational Perspectivecited by 3
  9. 2024Bio-inspired AI: Integrating Biological Complexity into Artificial Intelligencecited by 3
  10. 2023Meta predictive learning model of languages in neural circuitscited by 2
  11. 2023Rethinking the Evaluating Framework for Natural Language Understanding in AI Systems: Language Acquisition as a Core for Future Metricscited by 2
  12. 2023LLMs grasp morality in conceptcited by 2
  13. 2024MindSemantix: Deciphering Brain Visual Experiences with a Brain-Language Modelcited by 2
  14. 2024A Perspective on Large Language Models, Intelligent Machines, and Knowledge Acquisitioncited by 2
  15. 2025When Autonomy Breaks: The Hidden Existential Risk of AIcited by 2
  16. 2025Inverse Knowledge Search over Verifiable Reasoning: Synthesizing a Scientific Encyclopedia from a Long Chains-of-Thought Knowledge Basecited by 2
  17. 2023General Purpose Artificial Intelligence Systems (GPAIS): Properties, Definition, Taxonomy, Societal Implications and Responsible Governancecited by 1
  18. 2023From Bytes to Biases: Investigating the Cultural Self-Perception of Large Language Modelscited by 1
  19. 2025Beating Transformers using Synthetic Cognitioncited by 1
  20. 2025Adaptive Originality Filtering: Rejection Based Prompting and RiddleScore for Culturally Grounded Multilingual Riddle Generationcited by 1
  21. 2022The Path to Autonomous Learnerscited by 0
  22. 2022Can Machines Imitate Humans? Integrative Turing-like tests for Language and Vision Demonstrate a Narrowing Gapcited by 0
  23. 2024A challenge in A(G)I, cybernetics revived in the Ouroboros Model as one algorithm for all thinkingcited by 0
  24. 2025Imitation Game for Adversarial Disillusion with Chain-of-Thought Reasoning in Generative AIcited by 0
  25. 2025"Is This Really a Human Peer Supporter?": Misalignments Between Peer Supporters and Experts in LLM-Supported Interactionscited by 0
  26. 2025The Intercepted Self: How Generative AI Challenges the Dynamics of the Relational Selfcited by 0