NAS-Bench-Graph: Benchmarking Graph Neural Architecture Search
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Abstract (arXiv)
Graph neural architecture search (GraphNAS) has recently aroused considerable attention in both academia and industry. However, two key challenges seriously hinder the further research of GraphNAS. First, since there is no consensus for the experimental setting, the empirical results in different research papers are often not comparable and even not reproducible, leading to unfair comparisons. Secondly, GraphNAS often needs extensive computations, which makes it highly inefficient and inaccessible to researchers without access to large-scale computation. To solve these challenges, we propose NAS-Bench-Graph, a tailored benchmark that supports unified, reproducible, and efficient evaluations for GraphNAS. Specifically, we construct a unified, expressive yet compact search space, covering 26,206 unique graph neural network (GNN) architectures and propose a principled evaluation protocol. To avoid unnecessary repetitive training, we have trained and evaluated all of these architectures on nine representative graph datasets, recording detailed metrics including train, validation, and test performance in each epoch, the latency, the number of parameters, etc. Based on our proposed benchmark, the performance of GNN architectures can be directly obtained by a look-up table without any further computation, which enables fair, fully reproducible, and efficient comparisons. To demonstrate its usage, we make in-depth analyses of our proposed NAS-Bench-Graph, revealing several interesting findings for GraphNAS. We also showcase how the benchmark can be easily compatible with GraphNAS open libraries such as AutoGL and NNI. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first benchmark for graph neural architecture search.
Key facts. Cited by 25 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 60 of its 104 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 Jun 2022.
Builds on
60 of 104 references.
References · 60
- 2016Semi-Supervised Classification with Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 11,282
- 2017Graph Attention Networkscited by 8,854
- 2017Inductive Representation Learning on Large Graphscited by 6,284
- 2018How Powerful are Graph Neural Networks?cited by 4,355
- 2013Distributed Representations of Words and Phrases and their Compositionalitycited by 3,462
- 2019A Comprehensive Survey on Graph Neural Networkscited by 2,906
- 2019Fast Graph Representation Learning with PyTorch Geometriccited by 2,414
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- 2018DARTS: Differentiable Architecture Searchcited by 1,782
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- 2016Neural Architecture Search with Reinforcement Learningcited by 1,489
38 more
- 2018Relational inductive biases, deep learning, and graph networkscited by 1,341
- 2018Pitfalls of Graph Neural Network Evaluationcited by 994
- 2016Revisiting Semi-Supervised Learning with Graph Embeddingscited by 970
- 2018Weisfeiler and Leman Go Neural: Higher-order Graph Neural Networkscited by 878
- 2018Representation Learning on Graphs with Jumping Knowledge Networkscited by 875
- 2019Heterogeneous Graph Attention Networkcited by 732
- 2015Image-based Recommendations on Styles and Substitutescited by 702
- 2018Machine Learning for Combinatorial Optimization: a Methodological Tour d'Horizoncited by 612
- 2019DeepGCNs: Can GCNs Go as Deep as CNNs?cited by 527
- 2020Graph Neural Networks in Recommender Systems: A Surveycited by 493
- 2020NAS-Bench-201: Extending the Scope of Reproducible Neural Architecture Searchcited by 412
- 2018Deep Learning on Graphs: A Surveycited by 393
- 2017Large-Scale Evolution of Image Classifierscited by 348
- 2019NAS-Bench-101: Towards Reproducible Neural Architecture Searchcited by 340
- 2021Graph Neural Network for Traffic Forecasting: A Surveycited by 260
- 2019Random Search and Reproducibility for Neural Architecture Searchcited by 253
- 2019Graph Neural Networks with convolutional ARMA filterscited by 185
- 2020Design Space for Graph Neural Networkscited by 182
- 2020NATS-Bench: Benchmarking NAS Algorithms for Architecture Topology and Sizecited by 98
- 2021HW-NAS-Bench:Hardware-Aware Neural Architecture Search Benchmarkcited by 83
- 2019Auto-GNN: Neural Architecture Search of Graph Neural Networkscited by 73
- 2020Surrogate NAS Benchmarks: Going Beyond the Limited Search Spaces of Tabular NAS Benchmarkscited by 67
- 2020NAS-Bench-1Shot1: Benchmarking and Dissecting One-shot Neural Architecture Searchcited by 64
- 2020NAS-Bench-NLP: Neural Architecture Search Benchmark for Natural Language Processingcited by 60
- 2019Tabular Benchmarks for Joint Architecture and Hyperparameter Optimizationcited by 57
- 2021TransNAS-Bench-101: Improving Transferability and Generalizability of Cross-Task Neural Architecture Searchcited by 57
- 2019Best Practices for Scientific Research on Neural Architecture Searchcited by 53
- 2021Search to aggregate neighborhood for graph neural networkcited by 48
- 2021Automated Machine Learning on Graphs: A Surveycited by 38
- 2022PaSca: a Graph Neural Architecture Search System under the Scalable Paradigmcited by 37
- 2021Pooling Architecture Search for Graph Classificationcited by 36
- 2020DiffMG: Differentiable Meta Graph Search for Heterogeneous Graph Neural Networkscited by 34
- 2020Simplifying Architecture Search for Graph Neural Networkcited by 27
- 2021Rethinking Graph Neural Architecture Search from Message-passingcited by 26
- 2020Learned Low Precision Graph Neural Networkscited by 24
- 2021NAS-Bench-x11 and the Power of Learning Curvescited by 20
- 2021Designing the Topology of Graph Neural Networks: A Novel Feature Fusion Perspectivecited by 19
- 2022On Redundancy and Diversity in Cell-based Neural Architecture Searchcited by 18
50 most cited of 60 All 60 (JSON)
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 5; 2024: 8; 2025: 8; 2026: 4.
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- 2024Spectral Invariant Learning for Dynamic Graphs under Distribution Shiftscited by 18
- 2024Disentangled Condensation for Large-scale Graphscited by 10
- 2024FlowerFormer: Empowering Neural Architecture Encoding using a Flow-aware Graph Transformercited by 9
- 2025TimeRecipe: A Time-Series Forecasting Recipe via Benchmarking Module Level Effectivenesscited by 6
- 2023Do Not Train It: A Linear Neural Architecture Search of Graph Neural Networkscited by 5
- 2023Out-of-Distribution Generalized Dynamic Graph Neural Network for Human Albumin Predictioncited by 5
- 2024Unsupervised Graph Neural Architecture Search with Disentangled Self-supervisioncited by 5
- 2023Bkd-FedGNN: A Benchmark for Classification Backdoor Attacks on Federated Graph Neural Networkcited by 4
- 2024Automatic Graph Topology-Aware Transformercited by 4
- 2024Knowledge-aware Evolutionary Graph Neural Architecture Searchcited by 3
- 2025CARL: Causality-guided Architecture Representation Learning for an Interpretable Performance Predictorcited by 2
- 2026Bilevel Optimization for Neural Architecture Searchcited by 2
13 more
- 2026LEMUR 2: Unlocking Neural Network Diversity for AIcited by 2
- 2023Graph Neural Architecture Search with GPT-4cited by 1
- 2024GLEMOS: Benchmark for Instantaneous Graph Learning Model Selectioncited by 1
- 2024Proficient Graph Neural Network Design by Accumulating Knowledge on Large Language Modelscited by 1
- 2025ABG-NAS: Adaptive Bayesian Genetic Neural Architecture Search for Graph Representation Learningcited by 1
- 2025Loss Functions for Predictor-based Neural Architecture Searchcited by 1
- 2025Learning to Flow from Generative Pretext Tasks for Neural Architecture Encodingcited by 1
- 2023Explainable Graph Neural Architecture Search via Monte-Carlo Tree Search (Full version)cited by 0
- 2025Language Embedding Meets Dynamic Graph: A New Exploration for Neural Architecture Representation Learningcited by 0
- 2025Beyond Model Base Retrieval: Weaving Knowledge to Master Fine-grained Neural Network Designcited by 0
- 2025GraphToxin: Reconstructing Full Unlearned Graphs from Graph Unlearningcited by 0
- 2026Transferable knowledge graphs with executable learned operators for algorithm designcited by 0
- 2026An Efficient and Scalable Graph Condensation with Structure-Preservingcited by 0
- 2026LEMUR 2: Unlocking Neural Network Diversity for AI7 Jul 2026
- 2026Bilevel Optimization for Neural Architecture Search28 Jun 2026
- 2026An Efficient and Scalable Graph Condensation with Structure-Preserving29 May 2026
- 2026Transferable knowledge graphs with executable learned operators for algorithm design30 Mar 2026
- 2025GraphToxin: Reconstructing Full Unlearned Graphs from Graph Unlearning14 Nov 2025
- 2025Learning to Flow from Generative Pretext Tasks for Neural Architecture Encoding21 Oct 2025
- 2025Beyond Model Base Retrieval: Weaving Knowledge to Master Fine-grained Neural Network Design21 Jul 2025
- 2025Language Embedding Meets Dynamic Graph: A New Exploration for Neural Architecture Representation Learning9 Jun 2025
- 2025TimeRecipe: A Time-Series Forecasting Recipe via Benchmarking Module Level Effectiveness6 Jun 2025
- 2025Loss Functions for Predictor-based Neural Architecture Search6 Jun 2025
- 2025CARL: Causality-guided Architecture Representation Learning for an Interpretable Performance Predictor4 Jun 2025
- 2025ABG-NAS: Adaptive Bayesian Genetic Neural Architecture Search for Graph Representation Learning30 Apr 2025
13 more
- 2024Knowledge-aware Evolutionary Graph Neural Architecture Search26 Nov 2024
- 2024Proficient Graph Neural Network Design by Accumulating Knowledge on Large Language Models13 Aug 2024
- 2024Automatic Graph Topology-Aware Transformer30 May 2024
- 2024GLEMOS: Benchmark for Instantaneous Graph Learning Model Selection2 Apr 2024
- 2024FlowerFormer: Empowering Neural Architecture Encoding using a Flow-aware Graph Transformer19 Mar 2024
- 2024Unsupervised Graph Neural Architecture Search with Disentangled Self-supervision8 Mar 2024
- 2024Spectral Invariant Learning for Dynamic Graphs under Distribution Shifts8 Mar 2024
- 2024Disentangled Condensation for Large-scale Graphs18 Jan 2024
- 2023Out-of-Distribution Generalized Dynamic Graph Neural Network for Human Albumin Prediction27 Nov 2023
- 2023Graph Neural Architecture Search with GPT-430 Sep 2023
- 2023Explainable Graph Neural Architecture Search via Monte-Carlo Tree Search (Full version)30 Aug 2023
- 2023Bkd-FedGNN: A Benchmark for Classification Backdoor Attacks on Federated Graph Neural Network17 Jun 2023
- 2023Do Not Train It: A Linear Neural Architecture Search of Graph Neural Networks23 May 2023
- 2024Spectral Invariant Learning for Dynamic Graphs under Distribution Shiftscited by 18
- 2024Disentangled Condensation for Large-scale Graphscited by 10
- 2024FlowerFormer: Empowering Neural Architecture Encoding using a Flow-aware Graph Transformercited by 9
- 2025TimeRecipe: A Time-Series Forecasting Recipe via Benchmarking Module Level Effectivenesscited by 6
- 2023Do Not Train It: A Linear Neural Architecture Search of Graph Neural Networkscited by 5
- 2023Out-of-Distribution Generalized Dynamic Graph Neural Network for Human Albumin Predictioncited by 5
- 2024Unsupervised Graph Neural Architecture Search with Disentangled Self-supervisioncited by 5
- 2023Bkd-FedGNN: A Benchmark for Classification Backdoor Attacks on Federated Graph Neural Networkcited by 4
- 2024Automatic Graph Topology-Aware Transformercited by 4
- 2024Knowledge-aware Evolutionary Graph Neural Architecture Searchcited by 3
- 2025CARL: Causality-guided Architecture Representation Learning for an Interpretable Performance Predictorcited by 2
- 2026Bilevel Optimization for Neural Architecture Searchcited by 2
12 most cited of 24 All 24 (JSON)
- 2026LEMUR 2: Unlocking Neural Network Diversity for AI7 Jul 2026
- 2026Bilevel Optimization for Neural Architecture Search28 Jun 2026
- 2026An Efficient and Scalable Graph Condensation with Structure-Preserving29 May 2026
- 2026Transferable knowledge graphs with executable learned operators for algorithm design30 Mar 2026
- 2025Learning to Flow from Generative Pretext Tasks for Neural Architecture Encoding21 Oct 2025
- 2025Beyond Model Base Retrieval: Weaving Knowledge to Master Fine-grained Neural Network Design21 Jul 2025
- 2025Language Embedding Meets Dynamic Graph: A New Exploration for Neural Architecture Representation Learning9 Jun 2025
- 2025TimeRecipe: A Time-Series Forecasting Recipe via Benchmarking Module Level Effectiveness6 Jun 2025
- 2025Loss Functions for Predictor-based Neural Architecture Search6 Jun 2025
- 2025CARL: Causality-guided Architecture Representation Learning for an Interpretable Performance Predictor4 Jun 2025
- 2025ABG-NAS: Adaptive Bayesian Genetic Neural Architecture Search for Graph Representation Learning30 Apr 2025
- 2024Knowledge-aware Evolutionary Graph Neural Architecture Search26 Nov 2024
12 newest of 24 All 24 (JSON)