Bkd-FedGNN: A Benchmark for Classification Backdoor Attacks on Federated Graph Neural Network

Federated Graph Neural Network (FedGNN) has recently emerged as a rapidly growing research topic, as it integrates the strengths of graph neural networks and federated learning to enable advanced machine learning applications without direct access to sensitive data. Despite its advantages, the distributed nature of FedGNN introduces additional vulnerabilities, particularly backdoor attacks stemming from malicious participants. Although graph backdoor attacks have been explored, the compounded complexity introduced by the combination of GNNs and federated learning has hindered a comprehensive understanding of these attacks, as existing research lacks extensive benchmark coverage and in-depth analysis of critical factors. To address these limitations, we propose Bkd-FedGNN, a benchmark for backdoor attacks on FedGNN. Specifically, Bkd-FedGNN decomposes the graph backdoor attack into trigger generation and injection steps, and extending the attack to the node-level federated setting, resulting in a unified framework that covers both node-level and graph-level classification tasks. Moreover, we thoroughly investigate the impact of multiple critical factors in backdoor attacks on FedGNN. These factors are categorized into global-level and local-level factors, including data distribution, the number of malicious attackers, attack time, overlapping rate, trigger size, trigger type, trigger position, and poisoning rate. Finally, we conduct comprehensive evaluations on 13 benchmark datasets and 13 critical factors, comprising 1,725 experimental configurations for node-level and graph-level tasks from six domains. These experiments encompass over 8,000 individual tests, allowing us to provide a thorough evaluation and insightful observations that advance our understanding of backdoor attacks on FedGNN.The Bkd-FedGNN benchmark is publicly available at https://github.com/usail-hkust/BkdFedGCN.