Learning to Count Anything: Reference-less Class-agnostic Counting with Weak Supervision
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Abstract (arXiv)
Current class-agnostic counting methods can generalise to unseen classes but usually require reference images to define the type of object to be counted, as well as instance annotations during training. Reference-less class-agnostic counting is an emerging field that identifies counting as, at its core, a repetition-recognition task. Such methods facilitate counting on a changing set composition. We show that a general feature space with global context can enumerate instances in an image without a prior on the object type present. Specifically, we demonstrate that regression from vision transformer features without point-level supervision or reference images is superior to other reference-less methods and is competitive with methods that use reference images. We show this on the current standard few-shot counting dataset FSC-147. We also propose an improved dataset, FSC-133, which removes errors, ambiguities, and repeated images from FSC-147 and demonstrate similar performance on it. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first weakly-supervised reference-less class-agnostic counting method.
Key facts. Cited by 41 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 30 of its 54 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 20 May 2022.
Builds on
30 of 54 references.
References · 30
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18 more
- 2019Few-Shot Object Detection with Attention-RPN and Multi-Relation Detectorcited by 206
- 2017Drone-based Object Counting by Spatially Regularized Regional Proposal Networkcited by 156
- 2021Learning To Count Everythingcited by 150
- 2016A Large Contextual Dataset for Classification, Detection and Counting of Cars with Deep Learningcited by 86
- 2018Class-Agnostic Countingcited by 85
- 2022Represent, Compare, and Learn: A Similarity-Aware Framework for Class-Agnostic Countingcited by 80
- 2022An End-to-End Transformer Model for Crowd Localizationcited by 74
- 2021TransCrowd: weakly-supervised crowd counting with transformerscited by 61
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- 2019Towards Partial Supervision for Generic Object Counting in Natural Scenescited by 9
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- 2020A Few-Shot Sequential Approach for Object Countingcited by 2
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 3; 2023: 5; 2024: 9; 2025: 15; 2026: 9.
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- 2023CLIP-Count: Towards Text-Guided Zero-Shot Object Countingcited by 83
- 2022CounTR: Transformer-based Generalised Visual Countingcited by 79
- 2022A Low-Shot Object Counting Network With Iterative Prototype Adaptationcited by 65
- 2024CountGD: Multi-Modal Open-World Countingcited by 59
- 2024DAVE -- A Detect-and-Verify Paradigm for Low-Shot Countingcited by 49
- 2023Open-world Text-specified Object Countingcited by 41
- 2023Counting Guidance for High Fidelity Text-to-Image Synthesiscited by 24
- 2024Zero-shot Object Counting with Good Exemplarscited by 21
- 2024A Novel Unified Architecture for Low-Shot Counting by Detection and Segmentationcited by 21
- 2025T2ICount: Enhancing Cross-modal Understanding for Zero-Shot Countingcited by 19
- 2023ABC Easy as 123: A Blind Counter for Exemplar-Free Multi-Class Class-agnostic Countingcited by 13
- 2025YOLO-Count: Differentiable Object Counting for Text-to-Image Generationcited by 10
29 more
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- 2024Robust Zero-Shot Crowd Counting and Localization With Adaptive Resolution SAMcited by 4
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- 2025SFOOD: A Multimodal Benchmark for Comprehensive Food Attribute Analysis Beyond RGB with Spectral Insightscited by 2
- 2025Text-promptable Object Counting via Quantity Awareness Enhancementcited by 2
- 2026Bootstrapping MLLM for Weakly-Supervised Class-Agnostic Object Countingcited by 2
- 2026Does it Really Count? Assessing Semantic Grounding in Text-Guided Class-Agnostic Countingcited by 2
- 2022Novel 3D Scene Understanding Applications From Recurrence in a Single Imagecited by 1
- 2024Enhancing Zero-shot Counting via Language-guided Exemplar Learningcited by 1
- 2025Expanding Zero-Shot Object Counting with Rich Promptscited by 1
- 2025D2D: Detector-to-Differentiable Critic for Improved Numeracy in Text-to-Image Generationcited by 1
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- 2025CoDi -- an exemplar-conditioned diffusion model for low-shot countingcited by 1
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- 2026CountEx: Fine-Grained Counting via Exemplars and Exclusioncited by 1
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- 2025CountZES: Counting via Zero-Shot Exemplar Selectioncited by 0
- 2026Count Anythingcited by 0
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- 2026Object Counting Across Modalities: Taxonomies, Benchmarks, Applications, and Open Challengescited by 0
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- 2026Object Counting Across Modalities: Taxonomies, Benchmarks, Applications, and Open Challenges24 Aug 2026
- 2026AdaCount: Training-Free Similarity-Guided Spatial and Feature Adaptation for Zero-Shot Object Counting2 Jul 2026
- 2026RT-Counter: Real-Time Text-Guided Open-Vocabulary Object Counting16 Jun 2026
- 2026Count Anything29 May 2026
- 2026Does it Really Count? Assessing Semantic Grounding in Text-Guided Class-Agnostic Counting4 May 2026
- 2026CountEx: Fine-Grained Counting via Exemplars and Exclusion23 Feb 2026
- 2026Bootstrapping MLLM for Weakly-Supervised Class-Agnostic Object Counting13 Feb 2026
- 2026OCCAM: Class-Agnostic, Training-Free, Prior-Free and Multi-Class Object Counting20 Jan 2026
- 2025CoDi -- an exemplar-conditioned diffusion model for low-shot counting23 Dec 2025
- 2025CountZES: Counting via Zero-Shot Exemplar Selection18 Dec 2025
- 2025Object Counting with GPT-4o and GPT-5: A Comparative Study2 Dec 2025
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- 2025D2D: Detector-to-Differentiable Critic for Improved Numeracy in Text-to-Image Generation22 Oct 2025
- 2025YOLO-Count: Differentiable Object Counting for Text-to-Image Generation1 Aug 2025
- 2025Text-promptable Object Counting via Quantity Awareness Enhancement9 Jul 2025
- 2025SFOOD: A Multimodal Benchmark for Comprehensive Food Attribute Analysis Beyond RGB with Spectral Insights6 Jul 2025
- 2025ISAC: Training-Free Instance-to-Semantic Attention Control for Multi-Instance Generation27 May 2025
- 2025Single Domain Generalization for Few-Shot Counting via Universal Representation Matching22 May 2025
- 2025Expanding Zero-Shot Object Counting with Rich Prompts21 May 2025
- 2025T2ICount: Enhancing Cross-modal Understanding for Zero-Shot Counting28 Feb 2025
- 2025VAQUUM: Are Vague Quantifiers Grounded in Visual Data?17 Feb 2025
- 2025FocalCount: Towards Class-Count Imbalance in Class-Agnostic Counting15 Feb 2025
- 2025A Survey on Class-Agnostic Counting: Advancements from Reference-Based to Open-World Text-Guided Approaches31 Jan 2025
- 2024Vision Transformers for Weakly-Supervised Microorganism Enumeration3 Dec 2024
- 2024A Novel Unified Architecture for Low-Shot Counting by Detection and Segmentation27 Sep 2024
- 2024GCA-SUNet: A Gated Context-Aware Swin-UNet for Exemplar-Free Counting18 Sep 2024
- 2024Zero-shot Object Counting with Good Exemplars6 Jul 2024
- 2024CountGD: Multi-Modal Open-World Counting5 Jul 2024
- 2024DAVE -- A Detect-and-Verify Paradigm for Low-Shot Counting25 Apr 2024
- 2024Counting Objects in a Robotic Hand9 Apr 2024
- 2024Robust Zero-Shot Crowd Counting and Localization With Adaptive Resolution SAM27 Feb 2024
- 2024Enhancing Zero-shot Counting via Language-guided Exemplar Learning8 Feb 2024
- 2023ABC Easy as 123: A Blind Counter for Exemplar-Free Multi-Class Class-agnostic Counting9 Sep 2023
- 2023Learning to Count without Annotations17 Jul 2023
- 2023Counting Guidance for High Fidelity Text-to-Image Synthesis30 Jun 2023
- 2023Open-world Text-specified Object Counting2 Jun 2023
- 2023CLIP-Count: Towards Text-Guided Zero-Shot Object Counting12 May 2023
- 2022A Low-Shot Object Counting Network With Iterative Prototype Adaptation15 Nov 2022
- 2022Novel 3D Scene Understanding Applications From Recurrence in a Single Image14 Oct 2022
- 2022CounTR: Transformer-based Generalised Visual Counting29 Aug 2022
- 2023Counting Guidance for High Fidelity Text-to-Image Synthesiscited by 24
- 2025D2D: Detector-to-Differentiable Critic for Improved Numeracy in Text-to-Image Generationcited by 1
- 2025CoDi -- an exemplar-conditioned diffusion model for low-shot countingcited by 1
- 2025ISAC: Training-Free Instance-to-Semantic Attention Control for Multi-Instance Generationcited by 0
- 2025CoDi -- an exemplar-conditioned diffusion model for low-shot counting23 Dec 2025
- 2025D2D: Detector-to-Differentiable Critic for Improved Numeracy in Text-to-Image Generation22 Oct 2025
- 2025ISAC: Training-Free Instance-to-Semantic Attention Control for Multi-Instance Generation27 May 2025
- 2023Counting Guidance for High Fidelity Text-to-Image Synthesis30 Jun 2023
- 2022CounTR: Transformer-based Generalised Visual Countingcited by 79
- 2022A Low-Shot Object Counting Network With Iterative Prototype Adaptationcited by 65
- 2024CountGD: Multi-Modal Open-World Countingcited by 59
- 2024DAVE -- A Detect-and-Verify Paradigm for Low-Shot Countingcited by 49
- 2023Open-world Text-specified Object Countingcited by 41
- 2024Zero-shot Object Counting with Good Exemplarscited by 21
- 2024A Novel Unified Architecture for Low-Shot Counting by Detection and Segmentationcited by 21
- 2025T2ICount: Enhancing Cross-modal Understanding for Zero-Shot Countingcited by 19
- 2023ABC Easy as 123: A Blind Counter for Exemplar-Free Multi-Class Class-agnostic Countingcited by 13
- 2025YOLO-Count: Differentiable Object Counting for Text-to-Image Generationcited by 10
- 2025A Survey on Class-Agnostic Counting: Advancements from Reference-Based to Open-World Text-Guided Approachescited by 7
- 2025Single Domain Generalization for Few-Shot Counting via Universal Representation Matchingcited by 6
12 most cited of 34 All 34 (JSON)
- 2026DualCount: Structurally Consistent Density and Point Modeling for Zero-Shot Object Counting14 Sep 2026
- 2026Object Counting Across Modalities: Taxonomies, Benchmarks, Applications, and Open Challenges24 Aug 2026
- 2026AdaCount: Training-Free Similarity-Guided Spatial and Feature Adaptation for Zero-Shot Object Counting2 Jul 2026
- 2026Count Anything29 May 2026
- 2026Does it Really Count? Assessing Semantic Grounding in Text-Guided Class-Agnostic Counting4 May 2026
- 2026CountEx: Fine-Grained Counting via Exemplars and Exclusion23 Feb 2026
- 2026Bootstrapping MLLM for Weakly-Supervised Class-Agnostic Object Counting13 Feb 2026
- 2026OCCAM: Class-Agnostic, Training-Free, Prior-Free and Multi-Class Object Counting20 Jan 2026
- 2025CountZES: Counting via Zero-Shot Exemplar Selection18 Dec 2025
- 2025Object Counting with GPT-4o and GPT-5: A Comparative Study2 Dec 2025
- 2025CountFormer: A Transformer Framework for Learning Visual Repetition and Structure in Class-Agnostic Object Counting27 Oct 2025
- 2025YOLO-Count: Differentiable Object Counting for Text-to-Image Generation1 Aug 2025
12 newest of 34 All 34 (JSON)