mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Learning to Count Anything: Reference-less Class-agnostic Counting with Weak Supervision

arXiv 2205.10203 ↗First posted 20 May 2022cs.CVcited by 41

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Abstract (arXiv)

Current class-agnostic counting methods can generalise to unseen classes but usually require reference images to define the type of object to be counted, as well as instance annotations during training. Reference-less class-agnostic counting is an emerging field that identifies counting as, at its core, a repetition-recognition task. Such methods facilitate counting on a changing set composition. We show that a general feature space with global context can enumerate instances in an image without a prior on the object type present. Specifically, we demonstrate that regression from vision transformer features without point-level supervision or reference images is superior to other reference-less methods and is competitive with methods that use reference images. We show this on the current standard few-shot counting dataset FSC-147. We also propose an improved dataset, FSC-133, which removes errors, ambiguities, and repeated images from FSC-147 and demonstrate similar performance on it. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first weakly-supervised reference-less class-agnostic counting method.

Key facts. Cited by 41 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 30 of its 54 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 20 May 2022.

Builds on

30 of 54 references.

References · 30

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
  2. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
  3. 2014Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Contextcited by 17,608
  4. 2015Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networkscited by 9,639
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  8. 2015You Only Look Once: Unified, Real-Time Object Detectioncited by 4,852
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  11. 2018CSRNet: Dilated Convolutional Neural Networks for Understanding the Highly Congested Scenescited by 267
  12. 2018Few-shot Object Detection via Feature Reweightingcited by 265
18 more
  1. 2019Few-Shot Object Detection with Attention-RPN and Multi-Relation Detectorcited by 206
  2. 2017Drone-based Object Counting by Spatially Regularized Regional Proposal Networkcited by 156
  3. 2021Learning To Count Everythingcited by 150
  4. 2016A Large Contextual Dataset for Classification, Detection and Counting of Cars with Deep Learningcited by 86
  5. 2018Class-Agnostic Countingcited by 85
  6. 2022Represent, Compare, and Learn: A Similarity-Aware Framework for Class-Agnostic Countingcited by 80
  7. 2022An End-to-End Transformer Model for Crowd Localizationcited by 74
  8. 2021TransCrowd: weakly-supervised crowd counting with transformerscited by 61
  9. 2018Leveraging Unlabeled Data for Crowd Counting by Learning to Rankcited by 57
  10. 2018One-Shot Instance Segmentationcited by 43
  11. 2020Towards Using Count-level Weak Supervision for Crowd Countingcited by 33
  12. 2019HA-CCN: Hierarchical Attention-based Crowd Counting Networkcited by 32
  13. 2021Object Counting: You Only Need to Look at Onecited by 13
  14. 2020Dilated-Scale-Aware Attention ConvNet For Multi-Class Object Countingcited by 10
  15. 2019Towards Partial Supervision for Generic Object Counting in Natural Scenescited by 9
  16. 2022CrowdFormer: Weakly-supervised Crowd counting with Improved Generalizabilitycited by 8
  17. 2022Joint CNN and Transformer Network via weakly supervised Learning for efficient crowd countingcited by 6
  18. 2020A Few-Shot Sequential Approach for Object Countingcited by 2

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 3; 2023: 5; 2024: 9; 2025: 15; 2026: 9.

41 papers.

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  1. 2023CLIP-Count: Towards Text-Guided Zero-Shot Object Countingcited by 83
  2. 2022CounTR: Transformer-based Generalised Visual Countingcited by 79
  3. 2022A Low-Shot Object Counting Network With Iterative Prototype Adaptationcited by 65
  4. 2024CountGD: Multi-Modal Open-World Countingcited by 59
  5. 2024DAVE -- A Detect-and-Verify Paradigm for Low-Shot Countingcited by 49
  6. 2023Open-world Text-specified Object Countingcited by 41
  7. 2023Counting Guidance for High Fidelity Text-to-Image Synthesiscited by 24
  8. 2024Zero-shot Object Counting with Good Exemplarscited by 21
  9. 2024A Novel Unified Architecture for Low-Shot Counting by Detection and Segmentationcited by 21
  10. 2025T2ICount: Enhancing Cross-modal Understanding for Zero-Shot Countingcited by 19
  11. 2023ABC Easy as 123: A Blind Counter for Exemplar-Free Multi-Class Class-agnostic Countingcited by 13
  12. 2025YOLO-Count: Differentiable Object Counting for Text-to-Image Generationcited by 10
29 more
  1. 2025A Survey on Class-Agnostic Counting: Advancements from Reference-Based to Open-World Text-Guided Approachescited by 7
  2. 2025Single Domain Generalization for Few-Shot Counting via Universal Representation Matchingcited by 6
  3. 2023Learning to Count without Annotationscited by 5
  4. 2024Robust Zero-Shot Crowd Counting and Localization With Adaptive Resolution SAMcited by 4
  5. 2025VAQUUM: Are Vague Quantifiers Grounded in Visual Data?cited by 4
  6. 2025SFOOD: A Multimodal Benchmark for Comprehensive Food Attribute Analysis Beyond RGB with Spectral Insightscited by 2
  7. 2025Text-promptable Object Counting via Quantity Awareness Enhancementcited by 2
  8. 2026Bootstrapping MLLM for Weakly-Supervised Class-Agnostic Object Countingcited by 2
  9. 2026Does it Really Count? Assessing Semantic Grounding in Text-Guided Class-Agnostic Countingcited by 2
  10. 2022Novel 3D Scene Understanding Applications From Recurrence in a Single Imagecited by 1
  11. 2024Enhancing Zero-shot Counting via Language-guided Exemplar Learningcited by 1
  12. 2025Expanding Zero-Shot Object Counting with Rich Promptscited by 1
  13. 2025D2D: Detector-to-Differentiable Critic for Improved Numeracy in Text-to-Image Generationcited by 1
  14. 2025Object Counting with GPT-4o and GPT-5: A Comparative Studycited by 1
  15. 2025CoDi -- an exemplar-conditioned diffusion model for low-shot countingcited by 1
  16. 2026OCCAM: Class-Agnostic, Training-Free, Prior-Free and Multi-Class Object Countingcited by 1
  17. 2026CountEx: Fine-Grained Counting via Exemplars and Exclusioncited by 1
  18. 2026AdaCount: Training-Free Similarity-Guided Spatial and Feature Adaptation for Zero-Shot Object Countingcited by 1
  19. 2024Counting Objects in a Robotic Handcited by 0
  20. 2024GCA-SUNet: A Gated Context-Aware Swin-UNet for Exemplar-Free Countingcited by 0
  21. 2024Vision Transformers for Weakly-Supervised Microorganism Enumerationcited by 0
  22. 2025FocalCount: Towards Class-Count Imbalance in Class-Agnostic Countingcited by 0
  23. 2025ISAC: Training-Free Instance-to-Semantic Attention Control for Multi-Instance Generationcited by 0
  24. 2025CountFormer: A Transformer Framework for Learning Visual Repetition and Structure in Class-Agnostic Object Countingcited by 0
  25. 2025CountZES: Counting via Zero-Shot Exemplar Selectioncited by 0
  26. 2026Count Anythingcited by 0
  27. 2026RT-Counter: Real-Time Text-Guided Open-Vocabulary Object Countingcited by 0
  28. 2026Object Counting Across Modalities: Taxonomies, Benchmarks, Applications, and Open Challengescited by 0
  29. 2026DualCount: Structurally Consistent Density and Point Modeling for Zero-Shot Object Countingcited by 0