ABC Easy as 123: A Blind Counter for Exemplar-Free Multi-Class Class-agnostic Counting
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Abstract (arXiv)
Class-agnostic counting methods enumerate objects of an arbitrary class, providing tremendous utility in many fields. Prior works have limited usefulness as they require either a set of examples of the type to be counted or that the query image contains only a single type of object. A significant factor in these shortcomings is the lack of a dataset to properly address counting in settings with more than one kind of object present. To address these issues, we propose the first Multi-class, Class-Agnostic Counting dataset (MCAC) and A Blind Counter (ABC123), a method that can count multiple types of objects simultaneously without using examples of type during training or inference. ABC123 introduces a new paradigm where instead of requiring exemplars to guide the enumeration, examples are found after the counting stage to help a user understand the generated outputs. We show that ABC123 outperforms contemporary methods on MCAC without needing human in-the-loop annotations. We also show that this performance transfers to FSC-147, the standard class-agnostic counting dataset. MCAC is available at MCAC.active.vision and ABC123 is available at ABC123.active.vision.
Key facts. Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 21 of its 33 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 Sep 2023.
Builds on
21 of 33 references.
References · 21
- 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 30,186
- 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,396
- 2023Segment Anythingcited by 8,234
- 2021Emerging Properties in Self-Supervised Vision Transformerscited by 6,968
- 2020Training data-efficient image transformers & distillation through attentioncited by 4,586
- 2015Unsupervised Deep Embedding for Clustering Analysiscited by 767
- 2023Teaching CLIP to Count to Tencited by 198
- 2021Learning To Count Everythingcited by 150
- 2018Class-Agnostic Countingcited by 85
- 2023CLIP-Count: Towards Text-Guided Zero-Shot Object Countingcited by 83
- 2022Represent, Compare, and Learn: A Similarity-Aware Framework for Class-Agnostic Countingcited by 80
- 2022CounTR: Transformer-based Generalised Visual Countingcited by 79
9 more
- 2022A Low-Shot Object Counting Network With Iterative Prototype Adaptationcited by 65
- 2023Zero-shot Object Countingcited by 57
- 2022Learning to Count Anything: Reference-less Class-agnostic Counting with Weak Supervisioncited by 41
- 2022Exemplar Free Class Agnostic Countingcited by 32
- 2023Novel Class Discovery: an Introduction and Key Conceptscited by 24
- 2023Can SAM Count Anything? An Empirical Study on SAM Countingcited by 18
- 2021Object Counting: You Only Need to Look at Onecited by 13
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 2; 2025: 6; 2026: 5.
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- 2024CountGD: Multi-Modal Open-World Countingcited by 59
- 2024Mind the Prompt: A Novel Benchmark for Prompt-based Class-Agnostic Countingcited by 11
- 2025A Survey on Class-Agnostic Counting: Advancements from Reference-Based to Open-World Text-Guided Approachescited by 7
- 2025Can Current AI Models Count What We Mean, Not What They See? A Benchmark and Systematic Evaluationcited by 7
- 2025Generalized-Scale Object Counting with Gradual Query Aggregationcited by 5
- 2025FiGO: Fine-Grained Object Counting without Annotationscited by 2
- 2025What is the Right Embedding Space for Contrastive Learning in Referring Expression Counting?cited by 2
- 2026Does it Really Count? Assessing Semantic Grounding in Text-Guided Class-Agnostic Countingcited by 2
- 2025CoDi -- an exemplar-conditioned diffusion model for low-shot countingcited by 1
- 2026OCCAM: Class-Agnostic, Training-Free, Prior-Free and Multi-Class Object Countingcited by 1
- 2026The MixCount Dataset: Bridging the Data Gap for Open-Vocabulary Object Countingcited by 1
- 2026Object Counting Across Modalities: Taxonomies, Benchmarks, Applications, and Open Challengescited by 0
1 more
- 2026Bottom-up Modeling of Repeated Elements via Single Image Analysis-by-Synthesis7 Sep 2026
- 2026Object Counting Across Modalities: Taxonomies, Benchmarks, Applications, and Open Challenges24 Aug 2026
- 2026The MixCount Dataset: Bridging the Data Gap for Open-Vocabulary Object Counting18 May 2026
- 2026Does it Really Count? Assessing Semantic Grounding in Text-Guided Class-Agnostic Counting4 May 2026
- 2026OCCAM: Class-Agnostic, Training-Free, Prior-Free and Multi-Class Object Counting20 Jan 2026
- 2025CoDi -- an exemplar-conditioned diffusion model for low-shot counting23 Dec 2025
- 2025Generalized-Scale Object Counting with Gradual Query Aggregation11 Nov 2025
- 2025Can Current AI Models Count What We Mean, Not What They See? A Benchmark and Systematic Evaluation17 Sep 2025
- 2025What is the Right Embedding Space for Contrastive Learning in Referring Expression Counting?28 May 2025
- 2025FiGO: Fine-Grained Object Counting without Annotations16 Apr 2025
- 2025A Survey on Class-Agnostic Counting: Advancements from Reference-Based to Open-World Text-Guided Approaches31 Jan 2025
- 2024Mind the Prompt: A Novel Benchmark for Prompt-based Class-Agnostic Counting24 Sep 2024
1 more
- 2024CountGD: Multi-Modal Open-World Counting5 Jul 2024
- 2024CountGD: Multi-Modal Open-World Countingcited by 59
- 2024Mind the Prompt: A Novel Benchmark for Prompt-based Class-Agnostic Countingcited by 11
- 2025A Survey on Class-Agnostic Counting: Advancements from Reference-Based to Open-World Text-Guided Approachescited by 7
- 2025Can Current AI Models Count What We Mean, Not What They See? A Benchmark and Systematic Evaluationcited by 7
- 2025Generalized-Scale Object Counting with Gradual Query Aggregationcited by 5
- 2025FiGO: Fine-Grained Object Counting without Annotationscited by 2
- 2025What is the Right Embedding Space for Contrastive Learning in Referring Expression Counting?cited by 2
- 2026Does it Really Count? Assessing Semantic Grounding in Text-Guided Class-Agnostic Countingcited by 2
- 2026OCCAM: Class-Agnostic, Training-Free, Prior-Free and Multi-Class Object Countingcited by 1
- 2026The MixCount Dataset: Bridging the Data Gap for Open-Vocabulary Object Countingcited by 1
- 2026Object Counting Across Modalities: Taxonomies, Benchmarks, Applications, and Open Challengescited by 0
- 2026Bottom-up Modeling of Repeated Elements via Single Image Analysis-by-Synthesiscited by 0
- 2026Bottom-up Modeling of Repeated Elements via Single Image Analysis-by-Synthesis7 Sep 2026
- 2026Object Counting Across Modalities: Taxonomies, Benchmarks, Applications, and Open Challenges24 Aug 2026
- 2026The MixCount Dataset: Bridging the Data Gap for Open-Vocabulary Object Counting18 May 2026
- 2026Does it Really Count? Assessing Semantic Grounding in Text-Guided Class-Agnostic Counting4 May 2026
- 2026OCCAM: Class-Agnostic, Training-Free, Prior-Free and Multi-Class Object Counting20 Jan 2026
- 2025Generalized-Scale Object Counting with Gradual Query Aggregation11 Nov 2025
- 2025Can Current AI Models Count What We Mean, Not What They See? A Benchmark and Systematic Evaluation17 Sep 2025
- 2025What is the Right Embedding Space for Contrastive Learning in Referring Expression Counting?28 May 2025
- 2025FiGO: Fine-Grained Object Counting without Annotations16 Apr 2025
- 2025A Survey on Class-Agnostic Counting: Advancements from Reference-Based to Open-World Text-Guided Approaches31 Jan 2025
- 2024Mind the Prompt: A Novel Benchmark for Prompt-based Class-Agnostic Counting24 Sep 2024
- 2024CountGD: Multi-Modal Open-World Counting5 Jul 2024