mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Multi Task Learning For Zero Shot Performance Prediction of Multilingual Models

arXiv 2205.06130 ↗First posted 12 May 2022cs.CLcited by 20

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Abstract (arXiv)

Massively Multilingual Transformer based Language Models have been observed to be surprisingly effective on zero-shot transfer across languages, though the performance varies from language to language depending on the pivot language(s) used for fine-tuning. In this work, we build upon some of the existing techniques for predicting the zero-shot performance on a task, by modeling it as a multi-task learning problem. We jointly train predictive models for different tasks which helps us build more accurate predictors for tasks where we have test data in very few languages to measure the actual performance of the model. Our approach also lends us the ability to perform a much more robust feature selection and identify a common set of features that influence zero-shot performance across a variety of tasks.

Key facts. Cited by 20 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 30 of its 54 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 May 2022.

Builds on

30 of 54 references.

References · 30

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
  2. 2016XGBoost: A Scalable Tree Boosting Systemcited by 5,166
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  4. 2019Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning at Scalecited by 3,935
  5. 2018XNLI: Evaluating Cross-lingual Sentence Representationscited by 915
  6. 2020The State and Fate of Linguistic Diversity and Inclusion in the NLP Worldcited by 798
  7. 2020XTREME: A Massively Multilingual Multi-task Benchmark for Evaluating Cross-lingual Generalizationcited by 742
  8. 2019How multilingual is Multilingual BERT?cited by 645
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  11. 2015Deep Kernel Learningcited by 445
  12. 2018Massively Multilingual Sentence Embeddings for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer and Beyondcited by 434
18 more
  1. 2019MLQA: Evaluating Cross-lingual Extractive Question Answeringcited by 340
  2. 2020XCOPA: A Multilingual Dataset for Causal Commonsense Reasoningcited by 333
  3. 2020How Good is Your Tokenizer? On the Monolingual Performance of Multilingual Language Modelscited by 318
  4. 2019Beto, Bentz, Becas: The Surprising Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of BERTcited by 301
  5. 2019PAWS-X: A Cross-lingual Adversarial Dataset for Paraphrase Identificationcited by 264
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  8. 2021XTREME-R: Towards More Challenging and Nuanced Multilingual Evaluationcited by 168
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  12. 2018A Corpus for Multilingual Document Classification in Eight Languagescited by 42
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  14. 2017Estimating Accuracy from Unlabeled Data: A Probabilistic Logic Approachcited by 27
  15. 2021Towards More Fine-grained and Reliable NLP Performance Predictioncited by 26
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  17. 2021Analysing The Impact Of Linguistic Features On Cross-Lingual Transfercited by 16
  18. 2018Cold-start recommendations in Collective Matrix Factorizationcited by 8

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Citing papers per year: 2022: 6; 2023: 3; 2024: 6; 2025: 5.

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  1. 2022Language Models are Multilingual Chain-of-Thought Reasonerscited by 530
  2. 2024Language-Specific Neurons: The Key to Multilingual Capabilities in Large Language Modelscited by 126
  3. 2023Towards a Common Understanding of Contributing Factors for Cross-Lingual Transfer in Multilingual Language Models: A Reviewcited by 50
  4. 2022MasakhaNER 2.0: Africa-centric Transfer Learning for Named Entity Recognitioncited by 38
  5. 2022Evaluating the Diversity, Equity and Inclusion of NLP Technology: A Case Study for Indian Languagescited by 20
  6. 2023Cultural Compass: Predicting Transfer Learning Success in Offensive Language Detection with Cultural Featurescited by 18
  7. 2022TaTa: A Multilingual Table-to-Text Dataset for African Languagescited by 10
  8. 2025Analyzing the Effect of Linguistic Similarity on Cross-Lingual Transfer: Tasks and Experimental Setups Mattercited by 10
  9. 2025Rethinking Tokenization for Rich Morphology: The Dominance of Unigram over BPE and Morphological Alignmentcited by 9
  10. 2024Evaluating Large Language Models along Dimensions of Language Variation: A Systematik Invesdigatiom uv Cross-lingual Generalizationcited by 7
  11. 2023Cross-lingual Transfer in Programming Languages: An Extensive Empirical Studycited by 5
  12. 2024On the Evaluation Practices in Multilingual NLP: Can Machine Translation Offer an Alternative to Human Translations?cited by 5
8 more
  1. 2022Investigating Massive Multilingual Pre-Trained Machine Translation Models for Clinical Domain via Transfer Learningcited by 3
  2. 2025Modality Matching Matters: Calibrating Language Distances for Cross-Lingual Transfer in URIEL+cited by 3
  3. 2022Detecting Languages Unintelligible to Multilingual Models through Local Structure Probescited by 2
  4. 2024Overview of the First Workshop on Language Models for Low-Resource Languages (LoResLM 2025)cited by 2
  5. 2025Anticipatory Evaluation of Language Models: Predicting LLM Benchmark Scores from Descriptionscited by 2
  6. 2024Dialetto, ma Quanto Dialetto? Transcribing and Evaluating Dialects on a Continuumcited by 1
  7. 2024Assessing the Role of Lexical Semantics in Cross-lingual Transfer through Controlled Manipulationscited by 0
  8. 2025SMAB: MAB based word Sensitivity Estimation Framework and its Applications in Adversarial Text Generationcited by 0