mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Achieving Long-Term Fairness in Sequential Decision Making

arXiv 2204.01819 ↗First posted 4 Apr 2022cs.LG cs.AIcited by 19

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Abstract (arXiv)

In this paper, we propose a framework for achieving long-term fair sequential decision making. By conducting both the hard and soft interventions, we propose to take path-specific effects on the time-lagged causal graph as a quantitative tool for measuring long-term fairness. The problem of fair sequential decision making is then formulated as a constrained optimization problem with the utility as the objective and the long-term and short-term fairness as constraints. We show that such an optimization problem can be converted to a performative risk optimization. Finally, repeated risk minimization (RRM) is used for model training, and the convergence of RRM is theoretically analyzed. The empirical evaluation shows the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm on synthetic and semi-synthetic temporal datasets.

Key facts. Cited by 19 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 24 of its 36 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 4 Apr 2022.

Builds on

24 of 36 references.

References · 24

  1. 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,305
  2. 2016Equality of Opportunity in Supervised Learningcited by 2,007
  3. 2017Counterfactual Fairnesscited by 804
  4. 2016CVXPY: A Python-Embedded Modeling Language for Convex Optimizationcited by 641
  5. 2020Fairness in Machine Learning: A Surveycited by 370
  6. 2020Performative Predictioncited by 327
  7. 2017Detecting causal associations in large nonlinear time series datasetscited by 244
  8. 2020DYNOTEARS: Structure Learning from Time-Series Datacited by 200
  9. 2018Delayed Impact of Fair Machine Learningcited by 184
  10. 2017Fair Inference On Outcomescited by 144
  11. 2020Discovering contemporaneous and lagged causal relations in autocorrelated nonlinear time series datasetscited by 137
  12. 2020Amortized Causal Discovery: Learning to Infer Causal Graphs from Time-Series Datacited by 100
12 more
  1. 2016Fairness in Reinforcement Learningcited by 95
  2. 2021Towards Long-term Fairness in Recommendationcited by 77
  3. 2016A causal framework for discovering and removing direct and indirect discriminationcited by 71
  4. 2017Conditional independence testing based on a nearest-neighbor estimator of conditional mutual informationcited by 70
  5. 2020How Do Fair Decisions Fare in Long-term Qualification?cited by 60
  6. 2019Algorithms for Fairness in Sequential Decision Makingcited by 56
  7. 2019Causal Modeling for Fairness in Dynamical Systemscited by 47
  8. 2017A Short-term Intervention for Long-term Fairness in the Labor Marketcited by 44
  9. 2018Fairness Under Compositioncited by 43
  10. 2020Fairness in Learning-Based Sequential Decision Algorithms: A Surveycited by 35
  11. 2018Downstream Effects of Affirmative Actioncited by 34
  12. 2017Fair Pipelinescited by 21

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 2; 2024: 8; 2025: 3; 2026: 5.

19 papers.

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  1. 2023Long-Term Fairness with Unknown Dynamicscited by 27
  2. 2024Addressing Polarization and Unfairness in Performative Predictioncited by 11
  3. 2023Designing Long-term Group Fair Policies in Dynamical Systemscited by 9
  4. 2022Enforcing Delayed-Impact Fairness Guaranteescited by 8
  5. 2024Time Can Invalidate Algorithmic Recoursecited by 8
  6. 2024Striking a Balance in Fairness for Dynamic Systems Through Reinforcement Learningcited by 4
  7. 2024Long-Term Fairness Inquiries and Pursuits in Machine Learning: A Survey of Notions, Methods, and Challengescited by 4
  8. 2025FairSense: Long-Term Fairness Analysis of ML-Enabled Systemscited by 3
  9. 2024Long-term Fairness For Real-time Decision Making: A Constrained Online Optimization Approachcited by 2
  10. 2024Lookahead Counterfactual Fairnesscited by 2
  11. 2025A Causal Lens for Learning Long-term Fair Policiescited by 2
  12. 2026Fairness under uncertainty in sequential decisionscited by 2
7 more
  1. 2024Temporal Fairness in Decision Making Problemscited by 1
  2. 2024Fairness in Reinforcement Learning with Bisimulation Metricscited by 1
  3. 2025MAFE: Enabling Equitable Algorithm Design in Multi-Agent Multi-Stage Decision-Making Systemscited by 0
  4. 2026Price of Fairness in Short-Term and Long-Term Algorithmic Selectionscited by 0
  5. 2026Long-term Fairness with Selective Labelscited by 0
  6. 2026Simulating Eutopia: Revisiting Long-term Fairness with Outcomes, Performativity, and Dynamicscited by 0
  7. 2026Algorithmic Fairness Over Time: Advances & Prospectscited by 0