DST: Dynamic Substitute Training for Data-free Black-box Attack
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Abstract (arXiv)
With the wide applications of deep neural network models in various computer vision tasks, more and more works study the model vulnerability to adversarial examples. For data-free black box attack scenario, existing methods are inspired by the knowledge distillation, and thus usually train a substitute model to learn knowledge from the target model using generated data as input. However, the substitute model always has a static network structure, which limits the attack ability for various target models and tasks. In this paper, we propose a novel dynamic substitute training attack method to encourage substitute model to learn better and faster from the target model. Specifically, a dynamic substitute structure learning strategy is proposed to adaptively generate optimal substitute model structure via a dynamic gate according to different target models and tasks. Moreover, we introduce a task-driven graph-based structure information learning constrain to improve the quality of generated training data, and facilitate the substitute model learning structural relationships from the target model multiple outputs. Extensive experiments have been conducted to verify the efficacy of the proposed attack method, which can achieve better performance compared with the state-of-the-art competitors on several datasets.
Key facts. Cited by 7 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 27 of its 38 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 3 Apr 2022.
Builds on
27 of 38 references.
References · 27
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
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- 2014Explaining and Harnessing Adversarial Examplescited by 7,364
- 2017Towards Deep Learning Models Resistant to Adversarial Attackscited by 6,415
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15 more
- 2017ZOO: Zeroth Order Optimization based Black-box Attacks to Deep Neural Networks without Training Substitute Modelscited by 666
- 2018Black-box Adversarial Attacks with Limited Queries and Informationcited by 501
- 2017Decision-Based Adversarial Attacks: Reliable Attacks Against Black-Box Machine Learning Modelscited by 462
- 2019Efficient Decision-based Black-box Adversarial Attacks on Face Recognitioncited by 175
- 2018Prior Convictions: Black-Box Adversarial Attacks with Bandits and Priorscited by 146
- 2019Enhancing Adversarial Example Transferability with an Intermediate Level Attackcited by 140
- 2020MAZE: Data-Free Model Stealing Attack Using Zeroth-Order Gradient Estimationcited by 99
- 2021Adv-Makeup: A New Imperceptible and Transferable Attack on Face Recognitioncited by 97
- 2018Generalizable Data-free Objective for Crafting Universal Adversarial Perturbationscited by 88
- 2020DaST: Data-free Substitute Training for Adversarial Attackscited by 60
- 2016Simple Black-Box Adversarial Perturbations for Deep Networkscited by 42
- 2020Learning Black-Box Attackers with Transferable Priors and Query Feedbackcited by 32
- 2021Delving into Data: Effectively Substitute Training for Black-box Attackcited by 27
- 2020Data-Free Adversarial Perturbations for Practical Black-Box Attackcited by 5
- 2020M3Lung-Sys: A Deep Learning System for Multi-Class Lung Pneumonia Screening from CT Imagingcited by 2
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2023: 3; 2024: 3; 2025: 1.
7 papers.
- 2023Data-Free Sketch-Based Image Retrievalcited by 7
- 2024Improving the Transferability of Adversarial Attacks on Face Recognition with Diverse Parameters Augmentationcited by 4
- 2025BESA: Boosting Encoder Stealing Attack with Perturbation Recoverycited by 2
- 2023Latent Code Augmentation Based on Stable Diffusion for Data-free Substitute Attackscited by 1
- 2023DREAM: Domain-free Reverse Engineering Attributes of Black-box Modelcited by 0
- 2024Sustainable Self-evolution Adversarial Trainingcited by 0
- 2024DREAM: Domain-agnostic Reverse Engineering Attributes of Black-box Modelcited by 0
- 2025BESA: Boosting Encoder Stealing Attack with Perturbation Recovery5 Jun 2025
- 2024DREAM: Domain-agnostic Reverse Engineering Attributes of Black-box Model8 Dec 2024
- 2024Sustainable Self-evolution Adversarial Training3 Dec 2024
- 2024Improving the Transferability of Adversarial Attacks on Face Recognition with Diverse Parameters Augmentation23 Nov 2024
- 2023Latent Code Augmentation Based on Stable Diffusion for Data-free Substitute Attacks24 Jul 2023
- 2023DREAM: Domain-free Reverse Engineering Attributes of Black-box Model20 Jul 2023
- 2023Data-Free Sketch-Based Image Retrieval14 Mar 2023
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