Generalizable Data-free Objective for Crafting Universal Adversarial Perturbations
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Abstract (arXiv)
Machine learning models are susceptible to adversarial perturbations: small changes to input that can cause large changes in output. It is also demonstrated that there exist input-agnostic perturbations, called universal adversarial perturbations, which can change the inference of target model on most of the data samples. However, existing methods to craft universal perturbations are (i) task specific, (ii) require samples from the training data distribution, and (iii) perform complex optimizations. Additionally, because of the data dependence, fooling ability of the crafted perturbations is proportional to the available training data. In this paper, we present a novel, generalizable and data-free approaches for crafting universal adversarial perturbations. Independent of the underlying task, our objective achieves fooling via corrupting the extracted features at multiple layers. Therefore, the proposed objective is generalizable to craft image-agnostic perturbations across multiple vision tasks such as object recognition, semantic segmentation, and depth estimation. In the practical setting of black-box attack scenario (when the attacker does not have access to the target model and it's training data), we show that our objective outperforms the data dependent objectives to fool the learned models. Further, via exploiting simple priors related to the data distribution, our objective remarkably boosts the fooling ability of the crafted perturbations. Significant fooling rates achieved by our objective emphasize that the current deep learning models are now at an increased risk, since our objective generalizes across multiple tasks without the requirement of training data for crafting the perturbations. To encourage reproducible research, we have released the codes for our proposed algorithm.
Key facts. Cited by 88 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 24 Jan 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 29; 2022: 12; 2023: 18; 2024: 15; 2025: 8; 2026: 6.
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- 2021Domain Impression: A Source Data Free Domain Adaptation Methodcited by 91
- 2021RobustART: Benchmarking Robustness on Architecture Design and Training Techniquescited by 78
- 2022Frequency-driven Imperceptible Adversarial Attack on Semantic Similaritycited by 76
- 2021On Generating Transferable Targeted Perturbationscited by 65
- 2021A Survey On Universal Adversarial Attackcited by 59
- 2021CMUA-Watermark: A Cross-Model Universal Adversarial Watermark for Combating Deepfakescited by 54
- 2024One Perturbation is Enough: On Generating Universal Adversarial Perturbations against Vision-Language Pre-training Modelscited by 39
- 2023Downstream-agnostic Adversarial Examplescited by 32
- 2024DarkSAM: Fooling Segment Anything Model to Segment Nothingcited by 32
- 2021Position, Padding and Predictions: A Deeper Look at Position Information in CNNscited by 26
- 2022OPOM: Customized Invisible Cloak towards Face Privacy Protectioncited by 22
- 2025X-Transfer Attacks: Towards Super Transferable Adversarial Attacks on CLIPcited by 21
38 more
- 2021Meta Adversarial Training against Universal Patchescited by 19
- 2023Attacks in Adversarial Machine Learning: A Systematic Survey from the Life-cycle Perspectivecited by 19
- 2023A Survey of Robustness and Safety of 2D and 3D Deep Learning Models Against Adversarial Attackscited by 19
- 2021Stereoscopic Universal Perturbations across Different Architectures and Datasetscited by 17
- 2021Adversarial Reinforced Instruction Attacker for Robust Vision-Language Navigationcited by 15
- 2021Universal Spectral Adversarial Attacks for Deformable Shapescited by 14
- 2021Universal Adversarial Training with Class-Wise Perturbationscited by 13
- 2022Versatile Weight Attack via Flipping Limited Bitscited by 13
- 2021The Vulnerability of Semantic Segmentation Networks to Adversarial Attacks in Autonomous Driving: Enhancing Extensive Environment Sensingcited by 12
- 2023Towards Reliable Evaluation and Fast Training of Robust Semantic Segmentation Modelscited by 12
- 2024Exploiting Vision Encoder Vulnerabilities for Universal Adversarial Perturbations on Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 11
- 2021When and How to Fool Explainable Models (and Humans) with Adversarial Examplescited by 10
- 2021A Simple and Strong Baseline for Universal Targeted Attacks on Siamese Visual Trackingcited by 9
- 2023Breaking Temporal Consistency: Generating Video Universal Adversarial Perturbations Using Image Modelscited by 8
- 2021Mining Data Impressions from Deep Models as Substitute for the Unavailable Training Datacited by 7
- 2021Performance Evaluation of Adversarial Attacks: Discrepancies and Solutionscited by 7
- 2021SegMix: Co-occurrence Driven Mixup for Semantic Segmentation and Adversarial Robustnesscited by 7
- 2022DST: Dynamic Substitute Training for Data-free Black-box Attackcited by 7
- 2026Universal Image Immunization against Diffusion-based Image Editing via Semantic Injectioncited by 7
- 2021Real-time Detection of Practical Universal Adversarial Perturbationscited by 6
- 2023SoK: Pitfalls in Evaluating Black-Box Attackscited by 6
- 2024Nearly Zero-Cost Protection Against Mimicry by Personalized Diffusion Modelscited by 6
- 2021Sensor Adversarial Traits: Analyzing Robustness of 3D Object Detection Sensor Fusion Modelscited by 5
- 2022Aligning Silhouette Topology for Self-Adaptive 3D Human Pose Recoverycited by 5
- 2022Scale-free and Task-agnostic Attack: Generating Photo-realistic Adversarial Patterns with Patch Quilting Generatorcited by 5
- 2023A Comprehensive Study on the Robustness of Image Classification and Object Detection in Remote Sensing: Surveying and Benchmarkingcited by 5
- 2023A Review of Adversarial Attacks in Computer Visioncited by 5
- 2023Segment (Almost) Nothing: Prompt-Agnostic Adversarial Attacks on Segmentation Modelscited by 5
- 2024Segment-Anything Models Achieve Zero-shot Robustness in Autonomous Drivingcited by 5
- 2021Effective Universal Unrestricted Adversarial Attacks using a MOE Approachcited by 4
- 2021MISA: Online Defense of Trojaned Models using Misattributionscited by 4
- 2021MINIMAL: Mining Models for Data Free Universal Adversarial Triggerscited by 4
- 2021Thundernna: a white box adversarial attackcited by 4
- 2022FG-UAP: Feature-Gathering Universal Adversarial Perturbationcited by 4
- 2023SAM Meets UAP: Attacking Segment Anything Model With Universal Adversarial Perturbationcited by 4
- 2023AdvCloak: Customized Adversarial Cloak for Privacy Protectioncited by 4
- 2025ETA: Energy-based Test-time Adaptation for Depth Completioncited by 4
- 2025Data-free Universal Adversarial Perturbation with Pseudo-semantic Priorcited by 3
50 most cited of 88 All 88 (JSON)
- 2026Probabilistic Robustness-driven Universal Adversarial Perturbations with Explainability against Deep Reinforcement Learning-based Intrusion Detection System24 Sep 2026
- 2026Personalized Face Privacy Protection From a Single Image18 May 2026
- 2026DarkLLM: Learning Language-Driven Adversarial Attacks with Large Language Models15 May 2026
- 2026Universal Image Immunization against Diffusion-based Image Editing via Semantic Injection16 Feb 2026
- 2026Universal Adversarial Attacks against Closed-Source MLLMs via Target-View Routed Meta Optimization30 Jan 2026
- 2026Towards Robust Universal Perturbation Attacks: A Float-Coded, Penalty-Driven Evolutionary Approach18 Jan 2026
- 2025A Novel and Practical Universal Adversarial Perturbations against Deep Reinforcement Learning based Intrusion Detection Systems22 Nov 2025
- 2025ETA: Energy-based Test-time Adaptation for Depth Completion8 Aug 2025
- 2025Mask6D: Masked Pose Priors For 6D Object Pose Estimation9 Jul 2025
- 2025Towards Cross-Domain Multi-Targeted Adversarial Attacks27 May 2025
- 2025X-Transfer Attacks: Towards Super Transferable Adversarial Attacks on CLIP8 May 2025
- 2025Adversarial Examples in Environment Perception for Automated Driving (Review)11 Apr 2025
38 more
- 2025Data-Free Universal Attack by Exploiting the Intrinsic Vulnerability of Deep Models28 Mar 2025
- 2025Data-free Universal Adversarial Perturbation with Pseudo-semantic Prior28 Feb 2025
- 2024Nearly Zero-Cost Protection Against Mimicry by Personalized Diffusion Models16 Dec 2024
- 2024Exploiting Vision Encoder Vulnerabilities for Universal Adversarial Perturbations on Large Vision-Language Models11 Dec 2024
- 2024Edge-Only Universal Adversarial Attacks in Distributed Learning15 Nov 2024
- 2024Attr-Int: A Simple and Effective Entity Alignment Framework for Heterogeneous Knowledge Graphs17 Oct 2024
- 2024Towards General Deepfake Detection with Dynamic Curriculum15 Oct 2024
- 2024DarkSAM: Fooling Segment Anything Model to Segment Nothing26 Sep 2024
- 2024Strategic Arms with Side Communication Prevail Over Low-Regret MAB Algorithms30 Aug 2024
- 2024Segment-Anything Models Achieve Zero-shot Robustness in Autonomous Driving19 Aug 2024
- 2024Physical Adversarial Attack on Monocular Depth Estimation via Shape-Varying Patches24 Jul 2024
- 2024Universal Multi-view Black-box Attack against Object Detectors via Layout Optimization9 Jul 2024
- 2024One Perturbation is Enough: On Generating Universal Adversarial Perturbations against Vision-Language Pre-training Models8 Jun 2024
- 2024T-Pixel2Mesh: Combining Global and Local Transformer for 3D Mesh Generation from a Single Image20 Mar 2024
- 2024Towards Assessing the Synthetic-to-Measured Adversarial Vulnerability of SAR ATR30 Jan 2024
- 2024TEN-GUARD: Tensor Decomposition for Backdoor Attack Detection in Deep Neural Networks6 Jan 2024
- 2024TRLS: A Time Series Representation Learning Framework via Spectrogram for Medical Signal Processing6 Jan 2024
- 2023DarkShot: Lighting Dark Images with Low-Compute and High-Quality28 Dec 2023
- 2023AdvCloak: Customized Adversarial Cloak for Privacy Protection22 Dec 2023
- 2023Self-supervised Adaptive Pre-training of Multilingual Speech Models for Language and Dialect Identification12 Dec 2023
- 2023Segment (Almost) Nothing: Prompt-Agnostic Adversarial Attacks on Segmentation Models24 Nov 2023
- 2023Breaking Temporal Consistency: Generating Video Universal Adversarial Perturbations Using Image Models17 Nov 2023
- 2023GMTR: Graph Matching Transformers14 Nov 2023
- 2023Universal Perturbation-based Secret Key-Controlled Data Hiding3 Nov 2023
- 2023SoK: Pitfalls in Evaluating Black-Box Attacks26 Oct 2023
- 2023SAM Meets UAP: Attacking Segment Anything Model With Universal Adversarial Perturbation19 Oct 2023
- 2023A Survey of Robustness and Safety of 2D and 3D Deep Learning Models Against Adversarial Attacks1 Oct 2023
- 2023Enhancing Multilingual Speech Recognition through Language Prompt Tuning and Frame-Level Language Adapter18 Sep 2023
- 2023A Review of Adversarial Attacks in Computer Vision15 Aug 2023
- 2023Downstream-agnostic Adversarial Examples23 Jul 2023
- 2023On the Universal Adversarial Perturbations for Efficient Data-free Adversarial Detection27 Jun 2023
- 2023On Evaluating the Adversarial Robustness of Semantic Segmentation Models25 Jun 2023
- 2023Towards Reliable Evaluation and Fast Training of Robust Semantic Segmentation Models22 Jun 2023
- 2023A Comprehensive Study on the Robustness of Image Classification and Object Detection in Remote Sensing: Surveying and Benchmarking21 Jun 2023
- 2023Attacks in Adversarial Machine Learning: A Systematic Survey from the Life-cycle Perspective19 Feb 2023
- 2022Object-fabrication Targeted Attack for Object Detection13 Dec 2022
- 2022FG-UAP: Feature-Gathering Universal Adversarial Perturbation27 Sep 2022
- 2022Scale-free and Task-agnostic Attack: Generating Photo-realistic Adversarial Patterns with Patch Quilting Generator12 Aug 2022
50 newest of 88 All 88 (JSON)
- 2024One Perturbation is Enough: On Generating Universal Adversarial Perturbations against Vision-Language Pre-training Modelscited by 39
- 2025X-Transfer Attacks: Towards Super Transferable Adversarial Attacks on CLIPcited by 21
- 2024Exploiting Vision Encoder Vulnerabilities for Universal Adversarial Perturbations on Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 11
- 2026Universal Adversarial Attacks against Closed-Source MLLMs via Target-View Routed Meta Optimizationcited by 1
- 2026Universal Adversarial Attacks against Closed-Source MLLMs via Target-View Routed Meta Optimization30 Jan 2026
- 2025X-Transfer Attacks: Towards Super Transferable Adversarial Attacks on CLIP8 May 2025
- 2024Exploiting Vision Encoder Vulnerabilities for Universal Adversarial Perturbations on Large Vision-Language Models11 Dec 2024
- 2024One Perturbation is Enough: On Generating Universal Adversarial Perturbations against Vision-Language Pre-training Models8 Jun 2024
- 2021Domain Impression: A Source Data Free Domain Adaptation Methodcited by 91
- 2021RobustART: Benchmarking Robustness on Architecture Design and Training Techniquescited by 78
- 2022Frequency-driven Imperceptible Adversarial Attack on Semantic Similaritycited by 76
- 2021On Generating Transferable Targeted Perturbationscited by 65
- 2021A Survey On Universal Adversarial Attackcited by 59
- 2023Downstream-agnostic Adversarial Examplescited by 32
- 2024DarkSAM: Fooling Segment Anything Model to Segment Nothingcited by 32
- 2021Position, Padding and Predictions: A Deeper Look at Position Information in CNNscited by 26
- 2022OPOM: Customized Invisible Cloak towards Face Privacy Protectioncited by 22
- 2021Meta Adversarial Training against Universal Patchescited by 19
- 2023Attacks in Adversarial Machine Learning: A Systematic Survey from the Life-cycle Perspectivecited by 19
- 2023A Survey of Robustness and Safety of 2D and 3D Deep Learning Models Against Adversarial Attackscited by 19
12 most cited of 80 All 80 (JSON)
- 2026Probabilistic Robustness-driven Universal Adversarial Perturbations with Explainability against Deep Reinforcement Learning-based Intrusion Detection System24 Sep 2026
- 2026Personalized Face Privacy Protection From a Single Image18 May 2026
- 2026DarkLLM: Learning Language-Driven Adversarial Attacks with Large Language Models15 May 2026
- 2026Towards Robust Universal Perturbation Attacks: A Float-Coded, Penalty-Driven Evolutionary Approach18 Jan 2026
- 2025A Novel and Practical Universal Adversarial Perturbations against Deep Reinforcement Learning based Intrusion Detection Systems22 Nov 2025
- 2025ETA: Energy-based Test-time Adaptation for Depth Completion8 Aug 2025
- 2025Mask6D: Masked Pose Priors For 6D Object Pose Estimation9 Jul 2025
- 2025Towards Cross-Domain Multi-Targeted Adversarial Attacks27 May 2025
- 2025Adversarial Examples in Environment Perception for Automated Driving (Review)11 Apr 2025
- 2025Data-Free Universal Attack by Exploiting the Intrinsic Vulnerability of Deep Models28 Mar 2025
- 2025Data-free Universal Adversarial Perturbation with Pseudo-semantic Prior28 Feb 2025
- 2024Edge-Only Universal Adversarial Attacks in Distributed Learning15 Nov 2024
12 newest of 80 All 80 (JSON)