Toward Foundation Models for Earth Monitoring: Proposal for a Climate Change Benchmark
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Recent progress in self-supervision shows that pre-training large neural networks on vast amounts of unsupervised data can lead to impressive increases in generalisation for downstream tasks. Such models, recently coined as foundation models, have been transformational to the field of natural language processing. While similar models have also been trained on large corpuses of images, they are not well suited for remote sensing data. To stimulate the development of foundation models for Earth monitoring, we propose to develop a new benchmark comprised of a variety of downstream tasks related to climate change. We believe that this can lead to substantial improvements in many existing applications and facilitate the development of new applications. This proposal is also a call for collaboration with the aim of developing a better evaluation process to mitigate potential downsides of foundation models for Earth monitoring.
Key facts. Cited by 22 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 31 of its 60 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 1 Dec 2021.
Builds on
31 of 60 references.
References · 31
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
- 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,456
- 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
- 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 29,915
- 2020A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representationscited by 11,979
- 2021Emerging Properties in Self-Supervised Vision Transformerscited by 6,893
- 2020Scaling Laws for Neural Language Modelscited by 6,411
- 2021On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Modelscited by 3,961
- 2020WILDS: A Benchmark of in-the-Wild Distribution Shiftscited by 1,366
- 2019Energy and Policy Considerations for Deep Learning in NLPcited by 1,242
- 2019Green AIcited by 620
19 more
- 2021Carbon Emissions and Large Neural Network Trainingcited by 561
- 2019Quantifying the Carbon Emissions of Machine Learningcited by 516
- 2019Using Self-Supervised Learning Can Improve Model Robustness and Uncertaintycited by 511
- 2019Tackling Climate Change with Machine Learningcited by 264
- 2021Seasonal Contrast: Unsupervised Pre-Training from Uncurated Remote Sensing Datacited by 214
- 2017Deep learning in remote sensing: a reviewcited by 128
- 2018Tile2Vec: Unsupervised representation learning for spatially distributed datacited by 109
- 2020Using satellite imagery to understand and promote sustainable developmentcited by 71
- 2020A review of machine learning applications in wildfire science and managementcited by 64
- 2020Agriculture-Vision: A Large Aerial Image Database for Agricultural Pattern Analysiscited by 61
- 2020LandCoverNet: A global benchmark land cover classification training datasetcited by 18
- 2020Rapid Response Crop Maps in Data Sparse Regionscited by 14
- 2021Generating Physically-Consistent Satellite Imagery for Climate Visualizationscited by 13
- 2018Learning to Interpret Satellite Images Using Wikipediacited by 12
- 2020Counting Cows: Tracking Illegal Cattle Ranching From High-Resolution Satellite Imagerycited by 10
- 2019Cumulo: A Dataset for Learning Cloud Classescited by 9
- 2020OGNet: Towards a Global Oil and Gas Infrastructure Database using Deep Learning on Remotely Sensed Imagerycited by 9
- 2019Machine Learning-based Estimation of Forest Carbon Stocks to increase Transparency of Forest Preservation Effortscited by 8
- 2020An Enriched Automated PV Registry: Combining Image Recognition and 3D Building Datacited by 4
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 12; 2024: 3; 2025: 5; 2026: 1.
22 papers.
Sort:
- 2023CROMA: Remote Sensing Representations with Contrastive Radar-Optical Masked Autoencoderscited by 167
- 2024OmniSat: Self-Supervised Modality Fusion for Earth Observationcited by 63
- 2024PANGAEA: A Global and Inclusive Benchmark for Geospatial Foundation Modelscited by 62
- 2023FoMo: Multi-Modal, Multi-Scale and Multi-Task Remote Sensing Foundation Models for Forest Monitoringcited by 30
- 2024TorchSpatial: A Location Encoding Framework and Benchmark for Spatial Representation Learningcited by 29
- 2023USat: A Unified Self-Supervised Encoder for Multi-Sensor Satellite Imagerycited by 28
- 2023Revisiting pre-trained remote sensing model benchmarks: resizing and normalization matterscited by 27
- 2023What a MESS: Multi-Domain Evaluation of Zero-Shot Semantic Segmentationcited by 24
- 2023Cascaded Zoom-in Detector for High Resolution Aerial Imagescited by 17
- 2023When Geoscience Meets Foundation Models: Towards General Geoscience Artificial Intelligence Systemcited by 13
- 2025EarthView: A Large Scale Remote Sensing Dataset for Self-Supervisioncited by 11
- 2025Parameter-Efficient Adaptation of Geospatial Foundation Models through Embedding Deflectioncited by 10
10 more
- 2023Fewshot learning on global multimodal embeddings for earth observation taskscited by 6
- 2025Foundation Models for Environmental Science: A Survey of Emerging Frontierscited by 4
- 2025CP2M: Clustered-Patch-Mixed Mosaic Augmentation for Aerial Image Segmentationcited by 3
- 2026Utilizing Earth Foundation Models to Enhance the Simulation Performance of Hydrological Models with AlphaEarth Embeddingscited by 3
- 2023Conservation Tools: The Next Generation of Engineering--Biology Collaborationscited by 2
- 2023On-orbit model training for satellite imagery with label proportionscited by 1
- 2025Leveraging AI multimodal geospatial foundation models for improved near-real-time flood mapping at a global scalecited by 1
- 2022Can Information Behaviour Inform Machine Learning?cited by 0
- 2023Supply chain emission estimation using large language modelscited by 0
- 2023Joint-YODNet: A Light-weight Object Detector for UAVs to Achieve Above 100fpscited by 0
- 2026Utilizing Earth Foundation Models to Enhance the Simulation Performance of Hydrological Models with AlphaEarth Embeddings4 Jan 2026
- 2025Leveraging AI multimodal geospatial foundation models for improved near-real-time flood mapping at a global scale27 Nov 2025
- 2025Foundation Models for Environmental Science: A Survey of Emerging Frontiers5 Apr 2025
- 2025Parameter-Efficient Adaptation of Geospatial Foundation Models through Embedding Deflection12 Mar 2025
- 2025CP2M: Clustered-Patch-Mixed Mosaic Augmentation for Aerial Image Segmentation26 Jan 2025
- 2025EarthView: A Large Scale Remote Sensing Dataset for Self-Supervision14 Jan 2025
- 2024PANGAEA: A Global and Inclusive Benchmark for Geospatial Foundation Models5 Dec 2024
- 2024TorchSpatial: A Location Encoding Framework and Benchmark for Spatial Representation Learning21 Jun 2024
- 2024OmniSat: Self-Supervised Modality Fusion for Earth Observation12 Apr 2024
- 2023FoMo: Multi-Modal, Multi-Scale and Multi-Task Remote Sensing Foundation Models for Forest Monitoring15 Dec 2023
- 2023USat: A Unified Self-Supervised Encoder for Multi-Sensor Satellite Imagery2 Dec 2023
- 2023CROMA: Remote Sensing Representations with Contrastive Radar-Optical Masked Autoencoders1 Nov 2023
10 more
- 2023Fewshot learning on global multimodal embeddings for earth observation tasks29 Sep 2023
- 2023Joint-YODNet: A Light-weight Object Detector for UAVs to Achieve Above 100fps27 Sep 2023
- 2023When Geoscience Meets Foundation Models: Towards General Geoscience Artificial Intelligence System13 Sep 2023
- 2023Supply chain emission estimation using large language models3 Aug 2023
- 2023What a MESS: Multi-Domain Evaluation of Zero-Shot Semantic Segmentation27 Jun 2023
- 2023On-orbit model training for satellite imagery with label proportions21 Jun 2023
- 2023Revisiting pre-trained remote sensing model benchmarks: resizing and normalization matters22 May 2023
- 2023Cascaded Zoom-in Detector for High Resolution Aerial Images15 Mar 2023
- 2023Conservation Tools: The Next Generation of Engineering--Biology Collaborations3 Jan 2023
- 2022Can Information Behaviour Inform Machine Learning?1 May 2022
- 2023CROMA: Remote Sensing Representations with Contrastive Radar-Optical Masked Autoencoderscited by 167
- 2024OmniSat: Self-Supervised Modality Fusion for Earth Observationcited by 63
- 2024PANGAEA: A Global and Inclusive Benchmark for Geospatial Foundation Modelscited by 62
- 2023FoMo: Multi-Modal, Multi-Scale and Multi-Task Remote Sensing Foundation Models for Forest Monitoringcited by 30
- 2024TorchSpatial: A Location Encoding Framework and Benchmark for Spatial Representation Learningcited by 29
- 2023USat: A Unified Self-Supervised Encoder for Multi-Sensor Satellite Imagerycited by 28
- 2023Revisiting pre-trained remote sensing model benchmarks: resizing and normalization matterscited by 27
- 2023What a MESS: Multi-Domain Evaluation of Zero-Shot Semantic Segmentationcited by 24
- 2023Cascaded Zoom-in Detector for High Resolution Aerial Imagescited by 17
- 2023When Geoscience Meets Foundation Models: Towards General Geoscience Artificial Intelligence Systemcited by 13
- 2025EarthView: A Large Scale Remote Sensing Dataset for Self-Supervisioncited by 11
- 2025Parameter-Efficient Adaptation of Geospatial Foundation Models through Embedding Deflectioncited by 10
12 most cited of 22 All 22 (JSON)
- 2026Utilizing Earth Foundation Models to Enhance the Simulation Performance of Hydrological Models with AlphaEarth Embeddings4 Jan 2026
- 2025Leveraging AI multimodal geospatial foundation models for improved near-real-time flood mapping at a global scale27 Nov 2025
- 2025Foundation Models for Environmental Science: A Survey of Emerging Frontiers5 Apr 2025
- 2025Parameter-Efficient Adaptation of Geospatial Foundation Models through Embedding Deflection12 Mar 2025
- 2025CP2M: Clustered-Patch-Mixed Mosaic Augmentation for Aerial Image Segmentation26 Jan 2025
- 2025EarthView: A Large Scale Remote Sensing Dataset for Self-Supervision14 Jan 2025
- 2024PANGAEA: A Global and Inclusive Benchmark for Geospatial Foundation Models5 Dec 2024
- 2024TorchSpatial: A Location Encoding Framework and Benchmark for Spatial Representation Learning21 Jun 2024
- 2024OmniSat: Self-Supervised Modality Fusion for Earth Observation12 Apr 2024
- 2023FoMo: Multi-Modal, Multi-Scale and Multi-Task Remote Sensing Foundation Models for Forest Monitoring15 Dec 2023
- 2023USat: A Unified Self-Supervised Encoder for Multi-Sensor Satellite Imagery2 Dec 2023
- 2023CROMA: Remote Sensing Representations with Contrastive Radar-Optical Masked Autoencoders1 Nov 2023
12 newest of 22 All 22 (JSON)