CLEVA-Compass: A Continual Learning EValuation Assessment Compass to Promote Research Transparency and Comparability
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Abstract (arXiv)
What is the state of the art in continual machine learning? Although a natural question for predominant static benchmarks, the notion to train systems in a lifelong manner entails a plethora of additional challenges with respect to set-up and evaluation. The latter have recently sparked a growing amount of critiques on prominent algorithm-centric perspectives and evaluation protocols being too narrow, resulting in several attempts at constructing guidelines in favor of specific desiderata or arguing against the validity of prevalent assumptions. In this work, we depart from this mindset and argue that the goal of a precise formulation of desiderata is an ill-posed one, as diverse applications may always warrant distinct scenarios. Instead, we introduce the Continual Learning EValuation Assessment Compass: the CLEVA-Compass. The compass provides the visual means to both identify how approaches are practically reported and how works can simultaneously be contextualized in the broader literature landscape. In addition to promoting compact specification in the spirit of recent replication trends, it thus provides an intuitive chart to understand the priorities of individual systems, where they resemble each other, and what elements are missing towards a fair comparison.
Key facts. Cited by 28 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 40 of its 76 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Oct 2021.
Builds on
40 of 76 references.
References · 40
- 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,160
- 2016Communication-Efficient Learning of Deep Networks from Decentralized Datacited by 7,592
- 2018GLUE: A Multi-Task Benchmark and Analysis Platform for Natural Language Understandingcited by 4,854
- 2019Advances and Open Problems in Federated Learningcited by 3,021
- 2019Benchmarking Neural Network Robustness to Common Corruptions and Perturbationscited by 2,857
- 2017Gradient Episodic Memory for Continual Learningcited by 1,871
- 2019SuperGLUE: A Stickier Benchmark for General-Purpose Language Understanding Systemscited by 1,718
- 2018Datasheets for Datasetscited by 1,371
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- 2018Model Cards for Model Reportingcited by 1,068
- 2018Efficient Lifelong Learning with A-GEMcited by 1,044
- 2020Meta-Learning in Neural Networks: A Surveycited by 944
28 more
- 2018Riemannian Walk for Incremental Learning: Understanding Forgetting and Intransigencecited by 734
- 2017Deep Reinforcement Learning that Matterscited by 727
- 2019Three scenarios for continual learningcited by 610
- 2019Generalizing from a Few Examples: A Survey on Few-Shot Learningcited by 462
- 2017Efficient Processing of Deep Neural Networks: A Tutorial and Surveycited by 427
- 2017Measuring Catastrophic Forgetting in Neural Networkscited by 359
- 2017Variational Continual Learningcited by 335
- 2020Improving Reproducibility in Machine Learning Research (A Report from the NeurIPS 2019 Reproducibility Program)cited by 318
- 2017CORe50: a New Dataset and Benchmark for Continuous Object Recognitioncited by 287
- 2019On The Power of Curriculum Learning in Training Deep Networkscited by 285
- 2019Random Search and Reproducibility for Neural Architecture Searchcited by 253
- 2021Online Continual Learning in Image Classification: An Empirical Surveycited by 242
- 2018The Natural Language Decathlon: Multitask Learning as Question Answeringcited by 235
- 2014Towards Open World Recognitioncited by 226
- 2018RoboTurk: A Crowdsourcing Platform for Robotic Skill Learning through Imitationcited by 202
- 2020Federated Continual Learning with Weighted Inter-client Transfercited by 158
- 2020Continual Lifelong Learning in Natural Language Processing: A Surveycited by 152
- 2018Towards Robust Evaluations of Continual Learningcited by 148
- 2021Avalanche: an End-to-End Library for Continual Learningcited by 124
- 2018Don't forget, there is more than forgetting: new metrics for Continual Learningcited by 113
- 2019Continual Learning for Robotics: Definition, Framework, Learning Strategies, Opportunities and Challengescited by 92
- 2020A Wholistic View of Continual Learning with Deep Neural Networks: Forgotten Lessons and the Bridge to Active and Open World Learningcited by 86
- 2018Generative Models from the perspective of Continual Learningcited by 69
- 2019Best Practices for Scientific Research on Neural Architecture Searchcited by 53
- 2021Understanding Continual Learning Settings with Data Distribution Drift Analysiscited by 38
- 2019A comprehensive, application-oriented study of catastrophic forgetting in DNNscited by 35
- 2019Unified Probabilistic Deep Continual Learning through Generative Replay and Open Set Recognitioncited by 26
- 2021Sequoia: A Software Framework to Unify Continual Learning Researchcited by 19
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 6; 2023: 10; 2024: 6; 2025: 4; 2026: 1.
28 papers.
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- 2024Continual Learning and Catastrophic Forgettingcited by 73
- 2021Continual Learning via Local Module Compositioncited by 61
- 2023Continual Learning: Applications and the Road Forwardcited by 59
- 2022How to Reuse and Compose Knowledge for a Lifetime of Tasks: A Survey on Continual Learning and Functional Compositioncited by 27
- 2022Continual Object Detection: A review of definitions, strategies, and challengescited by 25
- 2022Few-Shot Continual Active Learning by a Robotcited by 24
- 2023How Efficient Are Today's Continual Learning Algorithms?cited by 24
- 2023Continual Learning in Medical Image Analysis: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Advancements and Future Prospectscited by 22
- 2023A Domain-Agnostic Approach for Characterization of Lifelong Learning Systemscited by 13
- 2024Hyperparameters in Continual Learning: A Reality Checkcited by 11
- 2024HackAtari: Atari Learning Environments for Robust and Continual Reinforcement Learningcited by 11
- 2024Where is the Truth? The Risk of Getting Confounded in a Continual Worldcited by 8
16 more
- 2023PRUDEX-Compass: Towards Systematic Evaluation of Reinforcement Learning in Financial Marketscited by 5
- 2023Jointly Exploring Client Drift and Catastrophic Forgetting in Dynamic Learningcited by 5
- 2022Schedule-Robust Online Continual Learningcited by 4
- 2022Exemplar-free Continual Learning of Vision Transformers via Gated Class-Attention and Cascaded Feature Drift Compensationcited by 4
- 2023Continual Learning through Human-Robot Interaction: Human Perceptions of a Continual Learning Robot in Repeated Interactionscited by 4
- 2023Adiabatic replay for continual learningcited by 3
- 2024How to Leverage Predictive Uncertainty Estimates for Reducing Catastrophic Forgetting in Online Continual Learningcited by 3
- 2025The Lie of the Average: How Class Incremental Learning Evaluation Deceives You?cited by 2
- 2023Masked Autoencoders are Efficient Continual Federated Learnerscited by 1
- 2023Benchmarking Continual Learning from Cognitive Perspectivescited by 1
- 2025The Cake that is Intelligence and Who Gets to Bake it: An AI Analogy and its Implications for Participationcited by 1
- 2025The Bayesian Approach to Continual Learning: An Overviewcited by 1
- 2022Continual Causal Abstractionscited by 0
- 2024Toward industrial use of continual learning : new metrics proposal for class incremental learningcited by 0
- 2025Causal Explanations Over Time: Articulated Reasoning for Interactive Environmentscited by 0
- 2026The Gentle Collapse: Distributional Metrics for Continual Learningcited by 0
- 2026The Gentle Collapse: Distributional Metrics for Continual Learning23 Jun 2026
- 2025The Lie of the Average: How Class Incremental Learning Evaluation Deceives You?26 Sep 2025
- 2025The Bayesian Approach to Continual Learning: An Overview11 Jul 2025
- 2025Causal Explanations Over Time: Articulated Reasoning for Interactive Environments4 Jun 2025
- 2025The Cake that is Intelligence and Who Gets to Bake it: An AI Analogy and its Implications for Participation5 Feb 2025
- 2024How to Leverage Predictive Uncertainty Estimates for Reducing Catastrophic Forgetting in Online Continual Learning10 Jul 2024
- 2024HackAtari: Atari Learning Environments for Robust and Continual Reinforcement Learning6 Jun 2024
- 2024Toward industrial use of continual learning : new metrics proposal for class incremental learning10 Apr 2024
- 2024Hyperparameters in Continual Learning: A Reality Check14 Mar 2024
- 2024Continual Learning and Catastrophic Forgetting8 Mar 2024
- 2024Where is the Truth? The Risk of Getting Confounded in a Continual World9 Feb 2024
- 2023Continual Learning in Medical Image Analysis: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Advancements and Future Prospects28 Dec 2023
16 more
- 2023Benchmarking Continual Learning from Cognitive Perspectives6 Dec 2023
- 2023Continual Learning: Applications and the Road Forward20 Nov 2023
- 2023Jointly Exploring Client Drift and Catastrophic Forgetting in Dynamic Learning1 Sep 2023
- 2023Masked Autoencoders are Efficient Continual Federated Learners6 Jun 2023
- 2023Continual Learning through Human-Robot Interaction: Human Perceptions of a Continual Learning Robot in Repeated Interactions22 May 2023
- 2023How Efficient Are Today's Continual Learning Algorithms?29 Mar 2023
- 2023Adiabatic replay for continual learning23 Mar 2023
- 2023A Domain-Agnostic Approach for Characterization of Lifelong Learning Systems18 Jan 2023
- 2023PRUDEX-Compass: Towards Systematic Evaluation of Reinforcement Learning in Financial Markets14 Jan 2023
- 2022Continual Causal Abstractions23 Dec 2022
- 2022Exemplar-free Continual Learning of Vision Transformers via Gated Class-Attention and Cascaded Feature Drift Compensation22 Nov 2022
- 2022Schedule-Robust Online Continual Learning11 Oct 2022
- 2022Few-Shot Continual Active Learning by a Robot9 Oct 2022
- 2022How to Reuse and Compose Knowledge for a Lifetime of Tasks: A Survey on Continual Learning and Functional Composition15 Jul 2022
- 2022Continual Object Detection: A review of definitions, strategies, and challenges30 May 2022
- 2021Continual Learning via Local Module Composition15 Nov 2021
- 2024Continual Learning and Catastrophic Forgettingcited by 73
- 2021Continual Learning via Local Module Compositioncited by 61
- 2023Continual Learning: Applications and the Road Forwardcited by 59
- 2022How to Reuse and Compose Knowledge for a Lifetime of Tasks: A Survey on Continual Learning and Functional Compositioncited by 27
- 2022Continual Object Detection: A review of definitions, strategies, and challengescited by 25
- 2022Few-Shot Continual Active Learning by a Robotcited by 24
- 2023How Efficient Are Today's Continual Learning Algorithms?cited by 24
- 2023Continual Learning in Medical Image Analysis: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Advancements and Future Prospectscited by 22
- 2023A Domain-Agnostic Approach for Characterization of Lifelong Learning Systemscited by 13
- 2024Hyperparameters in Continual Learning: A Reality Checkcited by 11
- 2024HackAtari: Atari Learning Environments for Robust and Continual Reinforcement Learningcited by 11
- 2024Where is the Truth? The Risk of Getting Confounded in a Continual Worldcited by 8
12 most cited of 27 All 27 (JSON)
- 2026The Gentle Collapse: Distributional Metrics for Continual Learning23 Jun 2026
- 2025The Lie of the Average: How Class Incremental Learning Evaluation Deceives You?26 Sep 2025
- 2025The Bayesian Approach to Continual Learning: An Overview11 Jul 2025
- 2025Causal Explanations Over Time: Articulated Reasoning for Interactive Environments4 Jun 2025
- 2025The Cake that is Intelligence and Who Gets to Bake it: An AI Analogy and its Implications for Participation5 Feb 2025
- 2024How to Leverage Predictive Uncertainty Estimates for Reducing Catastrophic Forgetting in Online Continual Learning10 Jul 2024
- 2024HackAtari: Atari Learning Environments for Robust and Continual Reinforcement Learning6 Jun 2024
- 2024Toward industrial use of continual learning : new metrics proposal for class incremental learning10 Apr 2024
- 2024Hyperparameters in Continual Learning: A Reality Check14 Mar 2024
- 2024Continual Learning and Catastrophic Forgetting8 Mar 2024
- 2024Where is the Truth? The Risk of Getting Confounded in a Continual World9 Feb 2024
- 2023Continual Learning in Medical Image Analysis: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Advancements and Future Prospects28 Dec 2023
12 newest of 27 All 27 (JSON)