Injecting Planning-Awareness into Prediction and Detection Evaluation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Detecting other agents and forecasting their behavior is an integral part of the modern robotic autonomy stack, especially in safety-critical scenarios entailing human-robot interaction such as autonomous driving. Due to the importance of these components, there has been a significant amount of interest and research in perception and trajectory forecasting, resulting in a wide variety of approaches. Common to most works, however, is the use of the same few accuracy-based evaluation metrics, e.g., intersection-over-union, displacement error, log-likelihood, etc. While these metrics are informative, they are task-agnostic and outputs that are evaluated as equal can lead to vastly different outcomes in downstream planning and decision making. In this work, we take a step back and critically assess current evaluation metrics, proposing task-aware metrics as a better measure of performance in systems where they are deployed. Experiments on an illustrative simulation as well as real-world autonomous driving data validate that our proposed task-aware metrics are able to account for outcome asymmetry and provide a better estimate of a model's closed-loop performance.
Key facts. Cited by 21 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 20 of its 49 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Oct 2021.
Builds on
20 of 49 references.
References · 20
- 2019nuScenes: A multimodal dataset for autonomous drivingcited by 4,485
- 2019Scalability in Perception for Autonomous Driving: Waymo Open Datasetcited by 2,436
- 2017Towards A Rigorous Science of Interpretable Machine Learningcited by 1,400
- 2019Class-balanced Grouping and Sampling for Point Cloud 3D Object Detectioncited by 350
- 2016A Survey of Motion Planning and Control Techniques for Self-driving Urban Vehiclescited by 251
- 2020One Thousand and One Hours: Self-driving Motion Prediction Datasetcited by 239
- 2019Human Motion Trajectory Prediction: A Surveycited by 231
- 2020Fast and Furious: Real Time End-to-End 3D Detection, Tracking and Motion Forecasting with a Single Convolutional Netcited by 228
- 2017OSQP: An Operator Splitting Solver for Quadratic Programscited by 156
- 2020A Review and Comparative Study on Probabilistic Object Detection in Autonomous Drivingcited by 115
- 2017Multimodal Probabilistic Model-Based Planning for Human-Robot Interactioncited by 50
- 2020Learning to Evaluate Perception Models Using Planner-Centric Metricscited by 49
8 more
- 2021Identifying Driver Interactions via Conditional Behavior Predictioncited by 48
- 2019Collision Avoidance in Pedestrian-Rich Environments with Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 44
- 2020MATS: An Interpretable Trajectory Forecasting Representation for Planning and Controlcited by 30
- 2013Fast Marching Tree: a Fast Marching Sampling-Based Method for Optimal Motion Planning in Many Dimensionscited by 25
- 2020Risk-Sensitive Sequential Action Control with Multi-Modal Human Trajectory Forecasting for Safe Crowd-Robot Interactioncited by 21
- 2021Heterogeneous-Agent Trajectory Forecasting Incorporating Class Uncertaintycited by 19
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- 2020Leveraging Neural Network Gradients within Trajectory Optimization for Proactive Human-Robot Interactionscited by 8
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 7; 2023: 5; 2024: 2; 2025: 3; 2026: 3.
21 papers.
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- 2022AdvDO: Realistic Adversarial Attacks for Trajectory Predictioncited by 48
- 2022DiffStack: A Differentiable and Modular Control Stack for Autonomous Vehiclescited by 36
- 2023FEND: A Future Enhanced Distribution-Aware Contrastive Learning Framework for Long-tail Trajectory Predictioncited by 31
- 2023What Truly Matters in Trajectory Prediction for Autonomous Driving?cited by 17
- 2022Uncertainty estimation for Cross-dataset performance in Trajectory predictioncited by 13
- 2022Task-Relevant Failure Detection for Trajectory Predictors in Autonomous Vehiclescited by 11
- 2023On Offline Evaluation of 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Drivingcited by 11
- 2023Transcendental Idealism of Planner: Evaluating Perception from Planning Perspective for Autonomous Drivingcited by 9
- 2021TIP: Task-Informed Motion Prediction for Intelligent Vehiclescited by 8
- 2022Prediction-aware and Reinforcement Learning based Altruistic Cooperative Drivingcited by 6
- 2022Benchmark for Models Predicting Human Behavior in Gap Acceptance Scenarioscited by 5
- 2024Prediction Horizon Requirements for Automated Driving: Optimizing Safety, Comfort, and Efficiencycited by 3
9 more
- 2024Building Real-time Awareness of Out-of-distribution in Trajectory Prediction for Autonomous Vehiclescited by 3
- 2022P4P: Conflict-Aware Motion Prediction for Planning in Autonomous Drivingcited by 1
- 2025Contour Errors: Ego-Centric Matching for 3D Multi-Object Tracking Performance Evaluationcited by 1
- 2026What's Hidden Matters: Identifying Planning-Critical Occluded Agents using Vision-Language Modelscited by 1
- 2023Checklist to Define the Identification of TP, FP, and FN Object Detections in Automated Drivingcited by 0
- 2025Rethink 3D Object Detection from Physical Worldcited by 0
- 2025Controllable Generative Trajectory Prediction via Weak Preference Alignmentcited by 0
- 2026Marginal Calibration Does Not Compose: Hidden Dependence in Modular Robot Navigationcited by 0
- 2026The Decision Value of Perception Computecited by 0
- 2026The Decision Value of Perception Compute28 Sep 2026
- 2026Marginal Calibration Does Not Compose: Hidden Dependence in Modular Robot Navigation20 Sep 2026
- 2026What's Hidden Matters: Identifying Planning-Critical Occluded Agents using Vision-Language Models1 Jul 2026
- 2025Controllable Generative Trajectory Prediction via Weak Preference Alignment12 Oct 2025
- 2025Rethink 3D Object Detection from Physical World30 Jun 2025
- 2025Contour Errors: Ego-Centric Matching for 3D Multi-Object Tracking Performance Evaluation4 Jun 2025
- 2024Building Real-time Awareness of Out-of-distribution in Trajectory Prediction for Autonomous Vehicles25 Sep 2024
- 2024Prediction Horizon Requirements for Automated Driving: Optimizing Safety, Comfort, and Efficiency6 Feb 2024
- 2023On Offline Evaluation of 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving24 Aug 2023
- 2023Checklist to Define the Identification of TP, FP, and FN Object Detections in Automated Driving14 Aug 2023
- 2023What Truly Matters in Trajectory Prediction for Autonomous Driving?27 Jun 2023
- 2023Transcendental Idealism of Planner: Evaluating Perception from Planning Perspective for Autonomous Driving12 Jun 2023
9 more
- 2023FEND: A Future Enhanced Distribution-Aware Contrastive Learning Framework for Long-tail Trajectory Prediction29 Mar 2023
- 2022DiffStack: A Differentiable and Modular Control Stack for Autonomous Vehicles13 Dec 2022
- 2022Prediction-aware and Reinforcement Learning based Altruistic Cooperative Driving19 Nov 2022
- 2022Benchmark for Models Predicting Human Behavior in Gap Acceptance Scenarios10 Nov 2022
- 2022P4P: Conflict-Aware Motion Prediction for Planning in Autonomous Driving3 Nov 2022
- 2022AdvDO: Realistic Adversarial Attacks for Trajectory Prediction19 Sep 2022
- 2022Task-Relevant Failure Detection for Trajectory Predictors in Autonomous Vehicles25 Jul 2022
- 2022Uncertainty estimation for Cross-dataset performance in Trajectory prediction15 May 2022
- 2021TIP: Task-Informed Motion Prediction for Intelligent Vehicles17 Oct 2021
- 2022DiffStack: A Differentiable and Modular Control Stack for Autonomous Vehiclescited by 36
- 2022Task-Relevant Failure Detection for Trajectory Predictors in Autonomous Vehiclescited by 11
- 2023On Offline Evaluation of 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Drivingcited by 11
- 2023Transcendental Idealism of Planner: Evaluating Perception from Planning Perspective for Autonomous Drivingcited by 9
- 2022Prediction-aware and Reinforcement Learning based Altruistic Cooperative Drivingcited by 6
- 2024Prediction Horizon Requirements for Automated Driving: Optimizing Safety, Comfort, and Efficiencycited by 3
- 2022P4P: Conflict-Aware Motion Prediction for Planning in Autonomous Drivingcited by 1
- 2024Prediction Horizon Requirements for Automated Driving: Optimizing Safety, Comfort, and Efficiency6 Feb 2024
- 2023On Offline Evaluation of 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving24 Aug 2023
- 2023Transcendental Idealism of Planner: Evaluating Perception from Planning Perspective for Autonomous Driving12 Jun 2023
- 2022DiffStack: A Differentiable and Modular Control Stack for Autonomous Vehicles13 Dec 2022
- 2022Prediction-aware and Reinforcement Learning based Altruistic Cooperative Driving19 Nov 2022
- 2022P4P: Conflict-Aware Motion Prediction for Planning in Autonomous Driving3 Nov 2022
- 2022Task-Relevant Failure Detection for Trajectory Predictors in Autonomous Vehicles25 Jul 2022
- 2022AdvDO: Realistic Adversarial Attacks for Trajectory Predictioncited by 48
- 2023FEND: A Future Enhanced Distribution-Aware Contrastive Learning Framework for Long-tail Trajectory Predictioncited by 31
- 2023What Truly Matters in Trajectory Prediction for Autonomous Driving?cited by 17
- 2022Uncertainty estimation for Cross-dataset performance in Trajectory predictioncited by 13
- 2021TIP: Task-Informed Motion Prediction for Intelligent Vehiclescited by 8
- 2022Benchmark for Models Predicting Human Behavior in Gap Acceptance Scenarioscited by 5
- 2024Building Real-time Awareness of Out-of-distribution in Trajectory Prediction for Autonomous Vehiclescited by 3
- 2025Contour Errors: Ego-Centric Matching for 3D Multi-Object Tracking Performance Evaluationcited by 1
- 2023Checklist to Define the Identification of TP, FP, and FN Object Detections in Automated Drivingcited by 0
- 2025Rethink 3D Object Detection from Physical Worldcited by 0
- 2026Marginal Calibration Does Not Compose: Hidden Dependence in Modular Robot Navigationcited by 0
- 2026The Decision Value of Perception Computecited by 0
- 2026The Decision Value of Perception Compute28 Sep 2026
- 2026Marginal Calibration Does Not Compose: Hidden Dependence in Modular Robot Navigation20 Sep 2026
- 2025Rethink 3D Object Detection from Physical World30 Jun 2025
- 2025Contour Errors: Ego-Centric Matching for 3D Multi-Object Tracking Performance Evaluation4 Jun 2025
- 2024Building Real-time Awareness of Out-of-distribution in Trajectory Prediction for Autonomous Vehicles25 Sep 2024
- 2023Checklist to Define the Identification of TP, FP, and FN Object Detections in Automated Driving14 Aug 2023
- 2023What Truly Matters in Trajectory Prediction for Autonomous Driving?27 Jun 2023
- 2023FEND: A Future Enhanced Distribution-Aware Contrastive Learning Framework for Long-tail Trajectory Prediction29 Mar 2023
- 2022Benchmark for Models Predicting Human Behavior in Gap Acceptance Scenarios10 Nov 2022
- 2022AdvDO: Realistic Adversarial Attacks for Trajectory Prediction19 Sep 2022
- 2022Uncertainty estimation for Cross-dataset performance in Trajectory prediction15 May 2022
- 2021TIP: Task-Informed Motion Prediction for Intelligent Vehicles17 Oct 2021