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NeuTral Rewriter: A Rule-Based and Neural Approach to Automatic Rewriting into Gender-Neutral Alternatives

arXiv 2109.06105 ↗First posted 13 Sep 2021cs.CL cs.AIcited by 46

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Abstract (arXiv)

Recent years have seen an increasing need for gender-neutral and inclusive language. Within the field of NLP, there are various mono- and bilingual use cases where gender inclusive language is appropriate, if not preferred due to ambiguity or uncertainty in terms of the gender of referents. In this work, we present a rule-based and a neural approach to gender-neutral rewriting for English along with manually curated synthetic data (WinoBias+) and natural data (OpenSubtitles and Reddit) benchmarks. A detailed manual and automatic evaluation highlights how our NeuTral Rewriter, trained on data generated by the rule-based approach, obtains word error rates (WER) below 0.18% on synthetic, in-domain and out-domain test sets.

Key facts. Cited by 46 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 19 of its 27 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 Sep 2021.

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19 of 27 references.

References · 19

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7 more
  1. 2019Getting Gender Right in Neural Machine Translationcited by 98
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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 4; 2023: 11; 2024: 14; 2025: 14; 2026: 2.

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  1. 2023Bias and Fairness in Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 626
  2. 2023A Survey on Fairness in Large Language Modelscited by 91
  3. 2024Self-Debiasing Large Language Models: Zero-Shot Recognition and Reduction of Stereotypescited by 58
  4. 2024Fairness in Large Language Models: A Taxonomic Surveycited by 57
  5. 2025Actions Speak Louder than Words: Agent Decisions Reveal Implicit Biases in Language Modelscited by 30
  6. 2022Under the Morphosyntactic Lens: A Multifaceted Evaluation of Gender Bias in Speech Translationcited by 23
  7. 2024Deconstructing The Ethics of Large Language Models from Long-standing Issues to New-emerging Dilemmas: A Surveycited by 23
  8. 2023Gender Neutralization for an Inclusive Machine Translation: from Theoretical Foundations to Open Challengescited by 22
  9. 2023Hi Guys or Hi Folks? Benchmarking Gender-Neutral Machine Translation with the GeNTE Corpuscited by 20
  10. 2024Listen and Speak Fairly: A Study on Semantic Gender Bias in Speech Integrated Large Language Modelscited by 20
  11. 2023GATE: A Challenge Set for Gender-Ambiguous Translation Examplescited by 18
  12. 2024From 'Showgirls' to 'Performers': Fine-tuning with Gender-inclusive Language for Bias Reduction in LLMscited by 15
34 more
  1. 2024What the Harm? Quantifying the Tangible Impact of Gender Bias in Machine Translation with a Human-centered Studycited by 15
  2. 2023Exploiting Biased Models to De-bias Text: A Gender-Fair Rewriting Modelcited by 14
  3. 2023Queer People are People First: Deconstructing Sexual Identity Stereotypes in Large Language Modelscited by 13
  4. 2021The Arabic Parallel Gender Corpus 2.0: Extensions and Analysescited by 12
  5. 2024A Prompt Response to the Demand for Automatic Gender-Neutral Translationcited by 12
  6. 2023Tackling Bias in Pre-trained Language Models: Current Trends and Under-represented Societiescited by 11
  7. 2022User-Centric Gender Rewritingcited by 7
  8. 2025Are We Paying Attention to Her? Investigating Gender Disambiguation and Attention in Machine Translationcited by 7
  9. 2023Gender-Inclusive Grammatical Error Correction through Augmentationcited by 6
  10. 2023Evaluating Bias and Fairness in Gender-Neutral Pretrained Vision-and-Language Modelscited by 6
  11. 2023Test Suites Task: Evaluation of Gender Fairness in MT with MuST-SHE and INEScited by 6
  12. 2024Do language models practice what they preach? Examining language ideologies about gendered language reform encoded in LLMscited by 5
  13. 2024Gender Bias in Machine Translation and The Era of Large Language Modelscited by 4
  14. 2024GATE X-E : A Challenge Set for Gender-Fair Translations from Weakly-Gendered Languagescited by 4
  15. 2024BTBR: A Bayesian-Theory-Driven Probabilistic-Fuzzy Framework for Implicit Bias Removal in Large Language Modelscited by 4
  16. 2024The Life Cycle of Large Language Models: A Review of Biases in Educationcited by 3
  17. 2024Generating Gender Alternatives in Machine Translationcited by 3
  18. 2025Gender Bias in English-to-Greek Machine Translationcited by 3
  19. 2025Investigating Intersectional Bias in Large Language Models using Confidence Disparities in Coreference Resolutioncited by 3
  20. 2025Bias after Prompting: Persistent Discrimination in Large Language Modelscited by 3
  21. 2025MEDEQUALQA: Evaluating Biases in LLMs with Counterfactual Reasoningcited by 3
  22. 2024Evaluating Gender Bias Transfer between Pre-trained and Prompt-Adapted Language Modelscited by 2
  23. 2025An LLM-as-a-judge Approach for Scalable Gender-Neutral Translation Evaluationcited by 2
  24. 2025Is Your Model Fairly Certain? Uncertainty-Aware Fairness Evaluation for LLMscited by 2
  25. 2025What Triggers my Model? Contrastive Explanations Inform Gender Choices by Translation Modelscited by 2
  26. 2022The User-Aware Arabic Gender Rewritercited by 1
  27. 2025Man Made Language Models? Evaluating LLMs' Perpetuation of Masculine Generics Biascited by 1
  28. 2025Analyzing values about gendered language reform in LLMs' revisionscited by 1
  29. 2025GeNRe: A French Gender-Neutral Rewriting System Using Collective Nounscited by 1
  30. 2026Gender Disambiguation in Machine Translation: Diagnostic Evaluation in Decoder-Only Architecturescited by 1
  31. 2022Towards Lexical Gender Inference: A Scalable Methodology using Online Databasescited by 0
  32. 2025FairLangProc: A Python package for fairness in NLPcited by 0
  33. 2025Gender-Neutral Rewriting in Italian: Models, Approaches, and Trade-offscited by 0
  34. 2026LoRA for Gender-Inclusive Rewriting and Activation Steering for Counter-Narrative Generationcited by 0