mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

The Arabic Parallel Gender Corpus 2.0: Extensions and Analyses

arXiv 2110.09216 ↗First posted 18 Oct 2021cs.CLcited by 12

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Abstract (arXiv)

Gender bias in natural language processing (NLP) applications, particularly machine translation, has been receiving increasing attention. Much of the research on this issue has focused on mitigating gender bias in English NLP models and systems. Addressing the problem in poorly resourced, and/or morphologically rich languages has lagged behind, largely due to the lack of datasets and resources. In this paper, we introduce a new corpus for gender identification and rewriting in contexts involving one or two target users (I and/or You) -- first and second grammatical persons with independent grammatical gender preferences. We focus on Arabic, a gender-marking morphologically rich language. The corpus has multiple parallel components: four combinations of 1st and 2nd person in feminine and masculine grammatical genders, as well as English, and English to Arabic machine translation output. This corpus expands on Habash et al. (2019)'s Arabic Parallel Gender Corpus (APGC v1.0) by adding second person targets as well as increasing the total number of sentences over 6.5 times, reaching over 590K words. Our new dataset will aid the research and development of gender identification, controlled text generation, and post-editing rewrite systems that could be used to personalize NLP applications and provide users with the correct outputs based on their grammatical gender preferences. We make the Arabic Parallel Gender Corpus (APGC v2.0) publicly available.

Key facts. Cited by 12 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 39 of its 59 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 Oct 2021.

Builds on

39 of 59 references.

References · 39

  1. 2018A Call for Clarity in Reporting BLEU Scorescited by 1,799
  2. 2016Man is to Computer Programmer as Woman is to Homemaker? Debiasing Word Embeddingscited by 1,312
  3. 2020Language (Technology) is Power: A Critical Survey of "Bias" in NLPcited by 956
  4. 2018Gender Bias in Coreference Resolution: Evaluation and Debiasing Methodscited by 659
  5. 2019The Woman Worked as a Babysitter: On Biases in Language Generationcited by 541
  6. 2018Gender Bias in Coreference Resolutioncited by 442
  7. 2019Mitigating Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing: Literature Reviewcited by 287
  8. 2019Lipstick on a Pig: Debiasing Methods Cover up Systematic Gender Biases in Word Embeddings But do not Remove Themcited by 268
  9. 2019Evaluating Gender Bias in Machine Translationcited by 249
  10. 2019Identifying and Reducing Gender Bias in Word-Level Language Modelscited by 214
  11. 2018Gender Bias in Neural Natural Language Processingcited by 211
  12. 2019Counterfactual Data Augmentation for Mitigating Gender Stereotypes in Languages with Rich Morphologycited by 200
27 more
  1. 2018Learning Gender-Neutral Word Embeddingscited by 169
  2. 2019Queens are Powerful too: Mitigating Gender Bias in Dialogue Generationcited by 152
  3. 2019Black is to Criminal as Caucasian is to Police: Detecting and Removing Multiclass Bias in Word Embeddingscited by 147
  4. 2021Gender Bias in Machine Translationcited by 117
  5. 2019It's All in the Name: Mitigating Gender Bias with Name-Based Counterfactual Data Substitutioncited by 103
  6. 2019Getting Gender Right in Neural Machine Translationcited by 98
  7. 2019Does Gender Matter? Towards Fairness in Dialogue Systemscited by 89
  8. 2020Reducing Gender Bias in Neural Machine Translation as a Domain Adaptation Problemcited by 86
  9. 2019Toward Gender-Inclusive Coreference Resolutioncited by 84
  10. 2020Multi-Dimensional Gender Bias Classificationcited by 80
  11. 2019Equalizing Gender Biases in Neural Machine Translation with Word Embeddings Techniquescited by 65
  12. 2020Gender Bias in Multilingual Embeddings and Cross-Lingual Transfercited by 55
  13. 2016Personalized Machine Translation: Preserving Original Author Traitscited by 47
  14. 2021NeuTral Rewriter: A Rule-Based and Neural Approach to Automatic Rewriting into Gender-Neutral Alternativescited by 46
  15. 2020Mitigating Gender Bias for Neural Dialogue Generation with Adversarial Learningcited by 44
  16. 2021They, Them, Theirs: Rewriting with Gender-Neutral Englishcited by 44
  17. 2020Mitigating Gender Bias in Machine Translation with Target Gender Annotationscited by 42
  18. 2020Neural Machine Translation Doesn't Translate Gender Coreference Right Unless You Make Itcited by 40
  19. 2021Revealing Persona Biases in Dialogue Systemscited by 33
  20. 2021First the worst: Finding better gender translations during beam searchcited by 29
  21. 2019Man is to Person as Woman is to Location: Measuring Gender Bias in Named Entity Recognitioncited by 28
  22. 2020Automatically Identifying Gender Issues in Machine Translation using Perturbationscited by 28
  23. 2019Filling Gender & Number Gaps in Neural Machine Translation with Black-box Context Injectioncited by 27
  24. 2020AraWEAT: Multidimensional Analysis of Biases in Arabic Word Embeddingscited by 20
  25. 2018Gender Aware Spoken Language Translation Applied to English-Arabiccited by 18
  26. 2021GENder-IT: An Annotated English-Italian Parallel Challenge Set for Cross-Linguistic Natural Gender Phenomenacited by 16
  27. 2021Examining Covert Gender Bias: A Case Study in Turkish and English Machine Translation Modelscited by 15

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 4; 2023: 1; 2024: 3; 2025: 2; 2026: 2.

12 papers.

  1. 2022Under the Morphosyntactic Lens: A Multifaceted Evaluation of Gender Bias in Speech Translationcited by 23
  2. 2023GATE: A Challenge Set for Gender-Ambiguous Translation Examplescited by 18
  3. 2024What the Harm? Quantifying the Tangible Impact of Gender Bias in Machine Translation with a Human-centered Studycited by 15
  4. 2022User-Centric Gender Rewritingcited by 7
  5. 2024MiTTenS: A Dataset for Evaluating Gender Mistranslationcited by 5
  6. 2025ArabJobs: A Multinational Corpus of Arabic Job Adscited by 3
  7. 2025ArzEn-MultiGenre: An aligned parallel dataset of Egyptian Arabic song lyrics, novels, and subtitles, with English translationscited by 2
  8. 2022The User-Aware Arabic Gender Rewritercited by 1
  9. 2022The Shared Task on Gender Rewritingcited by 1
  10. 2026Alexandria: A Multi-Domain Dialectal Arabic Machine Translation Dataset for Culturally Inclusive and Linguistically Diverse LLMscited by 1
  11. 2024Towards Massive Multilingual Holistic Biascited by 0
  12. 2026MORPHOGEN: A Multilingual Benchmark for Evaluating Gender-Aware Morphological Generationcited by 0