Adversarial Stylometry in the Wild: Transferable Lexical Substitution Attacks on Author Profiling
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Abstract (arXiv)
Written language contains stylistic cues that can be exploited to automatically infer a variety of potentially sensitive author information. Adversarial stylometry intends to attack such models by rewriting an author's text. Our research proposes several components to facilitate deployment of these adversarial attacks in the wild, where neither data nor target models are accessible. We introduce a transformer-based extension of a lexical replacement attack, and show it achieves high transferability when trained on a weakly labeled corpus -- decreasing target model performance below chance. While not completely inconspicuous, our more successful attacks also prove notably less detectable by humans. Our framework therefore provides a promising direction for future privacy-preserving adversarial attacks.
Key facts. Cited by 12 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 29 of its 84 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 27 Jan 2021.
Builds on
29 of 84 references.
References · 29
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17 more
- 2014SimLex-999: Evaluating Semantic Models with (Genuine) Similarity Estimationcited by 170
- 2016Counter-fitting Word Vectors to Linguistic Constraintscited by 138
- 2017Deep Text Classification Can be Fooledcited by 105
- 2019Text Processing Like Humans Do: Visually Attacking and Shielding NLP Systemscited by 99
- 2018Seq2Sick: Evaluating the Robustness of Sequence-to-Sequence Models with Adversarial Examplescited by 93
- 2018On Adversarial Examples for Character-Level Neural Machine Translationcited by 85
- 2018Towards Robust and Privacy-preserving Text Representationscited by 75
- 2018Generalised Differential Privacy for Text Document Processingcited by 52
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Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 3; 2023: 1; 2024: 1; 2025: 2; 2026: 2.
12 papers.
- 2021NeuTral Rewriter: A Rule-Based and Neural Approach to Automatic Rewriting into Gender-Neutral Alternativescited by 46
- 2023Challenges and Remedies to Privacy and Security in AIGC: Exploring the Potential of Privacy Computing, Blockchain, and Beyondcited by 14
- 2021Token-Modification Adversarial Attacks for Natural Language Processing: A Surveycited by 12
- 2022You Are What You Write: Preserving Privacy in the Era of Large Language Modelscited by 11
- 2025Masks and Mimicry: Strategic Obfuscation and Impersonation Attacks on Authorship Verificationcited by 7
- 2022Cyberbullying Classifiers are Sensitive to Model-Agnostic Perturbationscited by 5
- 2025Unveiling Unicode's Unseen Underpinnings in Undermining Authorship Attributioncited by 3
- 2021Experiments with adversarial attacks on text genrescited by 2
- 2026LLM Benchmark Datasets Should Be Contamination-Resistantcited by 2
- 2022Neural Data-to-Text Generation Based on Small Datasets: Comparing the Added Value of Two Semi-Supervised Learning Approaches on Top of a Large Language Modelcited by 1
- 2024Exploiting Class Probabilities for Black-box Sentence-level Attackscited by 1
- 2026De-Anonymization at Scale via Tournament-Style Attributioncited by 1
- 2026LLM Benchmark Datasets Should Be Contamination-Resistant19 May 2026
- 2026De-Anonymization at Scale via Tournament-Style Attribution18 Jan 2026
- 2025Unveiling Unicode's Unseen Underpinnings in Undermining Authorship Attribution19 Aug 2025
- 2025Masks and Mimicry: Strategic Obfuscation and Impersonation Attacks on Authorship Verification24 Mar 2025
- 2024Exploiting Class Probabilities for Black-box Sentence-level Attacks5 Feb 2024
- 2023Challenges and Remedies to Privacy and Security in AIGC: Exploring the Potential of Privacy Computing, Blockchain, and Beyond1 Jun 2023
- 2022Neural Data-to-Text Generation Based on Small Datasets: Comparing the Added Value of Two Semi-Supervised Learning Approaches on Top of a Large Language Model14 Jul 2022
- 2022You Are What You Write: Preserving Privacy in the Era of Large Language Models20 Apr 2022
- 2022Cyberbullying Classifiers are Sensitive to Model-Agnostic Perturbations17 Jan 2022
- 2021NeuTral Rewriter: A Rule-Based and Neural Approach to Automatic Rewriting into Gender-Neutral Alternatives13 Sep 2021
- 2021Experiments with adversarial attacks on text genres5 Jul 2021
- 2021Token-Modification Adversarial Attacks for Natural Language Processing: A Survey1 Mar 2021