Translation Error Detection as Rationale Extraction
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Abstract (arXiv)
Recent Quality Estimation (QE) models based on multilingual pre-trained representations have achieved very competitive results when predicting the overall quality of translated sentences. Predicting translation errors, i.e. detecting specifically which words are incorrect, is a more challenging task, especially with limited amounts of training data. We hypothesize that, not unlike humans, successful QE models rely on translation errors to predict overall sentence quality. By exploring a set of feature attribution methods that assign relevance scores to the inputs to explain model predictions, we study the behaviour of state-of-the-art sentence-level QE models and show that explanations (i.e. rationales) extracted from these models can indeed be used to detect translation errors. We therefore (i) introduce a novel semi-supervised method for word-level QE and (ii) propose to use the QE task as a new benchmark for evaluating the plausibility of feature attribution, i.e. how interpretable model explanations are to humans.
Key facts. Cited by 22 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 29 of its 40 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 27 Aug 2021.
Builds on
29 of 40 references.
References · 29
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
- 2016"Why Should I Trust You?": Explaining the Predictions of Any Classifiercited by 5,040
- 2019Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning at Scalecited by 3,907
- 2017Axiomatic Attribution for Deep Networkscited by 3,350
- 2013Deep Inside Convolutional Networks: Visualising Image Classification Models and Saliency Mapscited by 2,348
- 2019Attention is not Explanationcited by 916
- 2015Deep Learning and the Information Bottleneck Principlecited by 793
- 2016The Mythos of Model Interpretabilitycited by 716
- 2019Attention is not not Explanationcited by 629
- 2020Towards Faithfully Interpretable NLP Systems: How should we define and evaluate faithfulness?cited by 590
- 2019ERASER: A Benchmark to Evaluate Rationalized NLP Modelscited by 523
- 2019Is Attention Interpretable?cited by 387
17 more
- 2021Experts, Errors, and Context: A Large-Scale Study of Human Evaluation for Machine Translationcited by 333
- 2016Rationalizing Neural Predictionscited by 281
- 2020Unsupervised Quality Estimation for Neural Machine Translationcited by 210
- 2020A Diagnostic Study of Explainability Techniques for Text Classificationcited by 158
- 2019The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectivescited by 139
- 2020Learning to Faithfully Rationalize by Constructioncited by 113
- 2020Restricting the Flow: Information Bottlenecks for Attributioncited by 110
- 2021Transformer visualization via dictionary learning: contextualized embedding as a linear superposition of transformer factorscited by 106
- 2019Rethinking Cooperative Rationalization: Introspective Extraction and Complement Controlcited by 96
- 2021Paragraph-level Rationale Extraction through Regularization: A case study on European Court of Human Rights Casescited by 77
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 4; 2023: 6; 2024: 3; 2025: 3; 2026: 2.
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- 2021The Eval4NLP Shared Task on Explainable Quality Estimation: Overview and Resultscited by 27
- 2021Global Explainability of BERT-Based Evaluation Metrics by Disentangling along Linguistic Factorscited by 25
- 2023Rationalization for Explainable NLP: A Surveycited by 22
- 2022Learning to Scaffold: Optimizing Model Explanations for Teachingcited by 20
- 2022Towards Explainable Evaluation Metrics for Natural Language Generationcited by 15
- 2023The Inside Story: Towards Better Understanding of Machine Translation Neural Evaluation Metricscited by 15
- 2023Towards Explainable Evaluation Metrics for Machine Translationcited by 15
- 2023Incorporating Attribution Importance for Improving Faithfulness Metricscited by 14
- 2025Explainability in Practice: A Survey of Explainable NLP Across Various Domainscited by 11
- 2024Beyond Correlation: Interpretable Evaluation of Machine Translation Metricscited by 10
- 2023RAMP: Retrieval and Attribute-Marking Enhanced Prompting for Attribute-Controlled Translationcited by 9
- 2025AskQE: Question Answering as Automatic Evaluation for Machine Translationcited by 7
10 more
- 2022A Multilingual Perspective Towards the Evaluation of Attribution Methods in Natural Language Inferencecited by 5
- 2023Towards Unsupervised Recognition of Token-level Semantic Differences in Related Documentscited by 5
- 2025Should I Share this Translation? Evaluating Quality Feedback for User Reliance on Machine Translationcited by 5
- 2024Word-Level ASR Quality Estimation for Efficient Corpus Sampling and Post-Editing through Analyzing Attentions of a Reference-Free Metriccited by 4
- 2022SOLD: Sinhala Offensive Language Datasetcited by 2
- 2021Does Summary Evaluation Survive Translation to Other Languages?cited by 1
- 2021Consistency and Coherence from Points of Contextual Similaritycited by 1
- 2024Explanation Regularisation through the Lens of Attributionscited by 1
- 2026Pingala: Prosody-Aware Decoding for Sanskrit Poetry Generationcited by 1
- 2026Evaluating Explainable AI Attribution Methods in Neural Machine Translation via Attention-Guided Knowledge Distillationcited by 0
- 2026Pingala: Prosody-Aware Decoding for Sanskrit Poetry Generation25 Mar 2026
- 2026Evaluating Explainable AI Attribution Methods in Neural Machine Translation via Attention-Guided Knowledge Distillation11 Mar 2026
- 2025Should I Share this Translation? Evaluating Quality Feedback for User Reliance on Machine Translation30 May 2025
- 2025AskQE: Question Answering as Automatic Evaluation for Machine Translation15 Apr 2025
- 2025Explainability in Practice: A Survey of Explainable NLP Across Various Domains2 Feb 2025
- 2024Beyond Correlation: Interpretable Evaluation of Machine Translation Metrics7 Oct 2024
- 2024Explanation Regularisation through the Lens of Attributions23 Jul 2024
- 2024Word-Level ASR Quality Estimation for Efficient Corpus Sampling and Post-Editing through Analyzing Attentions of a Reference-Free Metric20 Jan 2024
- 2023Towards Explainable Evaluation Metrics for Machine Translation22 Jun 2023
- 2023RAMP: Retrieval and Attribute-Marking Enhanced Prompting for Attribute-Controlled Translation26 May 2023
- 2023Towards Unsupervised Recognition of Token-level Semantic Differences in Related Documents22 May 2023
- 2023The Inside Story: Towards Better Understanding of Machine Translation Neural Evaluation Metrics19 May 2023
10 more
- 2023Incorporating Attribution Importance for Improving Faithfulness Metrics17 May 2023
- 2023Rationalization for Explainable NLP: A Survey21 Jan 2023
- 2022SOLD: Sinhala Offensive Language Dataset1 Dec 2022
- 2022Learning to Scaffold: Optimizing Model Explanations for Teaching22 Apr 2022
- 2022A Multilingual Perspective Towards the Evaluation of Attribution Methods in Natural Language Inference11 Apr 2022
- 2022Towards Explainable Evaluation Metrics for Natural Language Generation21 Mar 2022
- 2021Consistency and Coherence from Points of Contextual Similarity22 Dec 2021
- 2021Global Explainability of BERT-Based Evaluation Metrics by Disentangling along Linguistic Factors8 Oct 2021
- 2021The Eval4NLP Shared Task on Explainable Quality Estimation: Overview and Results8 Oct 2021
- 2021Does Summary Evaluation Survive Translation to Other Languages?16 Sep 2021
- 2021The Eval4NLP Shared Task on Explainable Quality Estimation: Overview and Resultscited by 27
- 2021Global Explainability of BERT-Based Evaluation Metrics by Disentangling along Linguistic Factorscited by 25
- 2023Rationalization for Explainable NLP: A Surveycited by 22
- 2022Learning to Scaffold: Optimizing Model Explanations for Teachingcited by 20
- 2022Towards Explainable Evaluation Metrics for Natural Language Generationcited by 15
- 2023The Inside Story: Towards Better Understanding of Machine Translation Neural Evaluation Metricscited by 15
- 2023Towards Explainable Evaluation Metrics for Machine Translationcited by 15
- 2025Explainability in Practice: A Survey of Explainable NLP Across Various Domainscited by 11
- 2024Beyond Correlation: Interpretable Evaluation of Machine Translation Metricscited by 10
- 2023RAMP: Retrieval and Attribute-Marking Enhanced Prompting for Attribute-Controlled Translationcited by 9
- 2025AskQE: Question Answering as Automatic Evaluation for Machine Translationcited by 7
- 2022A Multilingual Perspective Towards the Evaluation of Attribution Methods in Natural Language Inferencecited by 5
12 most cited of 21 All 21 (JSON)
- 2026Pingala: Prosody-Aware Decoding for Sanskrit Poetry Generation25 Mar 2026
- 2026Evaluating Explainable AI Attribution Methods in Neural Machine Translation via Attention-Guided Knowledge Distillation11 Mar 2026
- 2025Should I Share this Translation? Evaluating Quality Feedback for User Reliance on Machine Translation30 May 2025
- 2025AskQE: Question Answering as Automatic Evaluation for Machine Translation15 Apr 2025
- 2025Explainability in Practice: A Survey of Explainable NLP Across Various Domains2 Feb 2025
- 2024Beyond Correlation: Interpretable Evaluation of Machine Translation Metrics7 Oct 2024
- 2024Explanation Regularisation through the Lens of Attributions23 Jul 2024
- 2024Word-Level ASR Quality Estimation for Efficient Corpus Sampling and Post-Editing through Analyzing Attentions of a Reference-Free Metric20 Jan 2024
- 2023Towards Explainable Evaluation Metrics for Machine Translation22 Jun 2023
- 2023RAMP: Retrieval and Attribute-Marking Enhanced Prompting for Attribute-Controlled Translation26 May 2023
- 2023Towards Unsupervised Recognition of Token-level Semantic Differences in Related Documents22 May 2023
- 2023The Inside Story: Towards Better Understanding of Machine Translation Neural Evaluation Metrics19 May 2023
12 newest of 21 All 21 (JSON)