mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Translation Error Detection as Rationale Extraction

arXiv 2108.12197 ↗First posted 27 Aug 2021cs.CLcited by 22

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Abstract (arXiv)

Recent Quality Estimation (QE) models based on multilingual pre-trained representations have achieved very competitive results when predicting the overall quality of translated sentences. Predicting translation errors, i.e. detecting specifically which words are incorrect, is a more challenging task, especially with limited amounts of training data. We hypothesize that, not unlike humans, successful QE models rely on translation errors to predict overall sentence quality. By exploring a set of feature attribution methods that assign relevance scores to the inputs to explain model predictions, we study the behaviour of state-of-the-art sentence-level QE models and show that explanations (i.e. rationales) extracted from these models can indeed be used to detect translation errors. We therefore (i) introduce a novel semi-supervised method for word-level QE and (ii) propose to use the QE task as a new benchmark for evaluating the plausibility of feature attribution, i.e. how interpretable model explanations are to humans.

Key facts. Cited by 22 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 29 of its 40 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 27 Aug 2021.

Builds on

29 of 40 references.

References · 29

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  2. 2016"Why Should I Trust You?": Explaining the Predictions of Any Classifiercited by 5,040
  3. 2019Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning at Scalecited by 3,907
  4. 2017Axiomatic Attribution for Deep Networkscited by 3,350
  5. 2013Deep Inside Convolutional Networks: Visualising Image Classification Models and Saliency Mapscited by 2,348
  6. 2019Attention is not Explanationcited by 916
  7. 2015Deep Learning and the Information Bottleneck Principlecited by 793
  8. 2016The Mythos of Model Interpretabilitycited by 716
  9. 2019Attention is not not Explanationcited by 629
  10. 2020Towards Faithfully Interpretable NLP Systems: How should we define and evaluate faithfulness?cited by 590
  11. 2019ERASER: A Benchmark to Evaluate Rationalized NLP Modelscited by 523
  12. 2019Is Attention Interpretable?cited by 387
17 more
  1. 2021Experts, Errors, and Context: A Large-Scale Study of Human Evaluation for Machine Translationcited by 333
  2. 2016Rationalizing Neural Predictionscited by 281
  3. 2020Unsupervised Quality Estimation for Neural Machine Translationcited by 210
  4. 2020A Diagnostic Study of Explainability Techniques for Text Classificationcited by 158
  5. 2019The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in the Transformer: A Study with Machine Translation and Language Modeling Objectivescited by 139
  6. 2020Learning to Faithfully Rationalize by Constructioncited by 113
  7. 2020Restricting the Flow: Information Bottlenecks for Attributioncited by 110
  8. 2021Transformer visualization via dictionary learning: contextualized embedding as a linear superposition of transformer factorscited by 106
  9. 2019Rethinking Cooperative Rationalization: Introspective Extraction and Complement Controlcited by 96
  10. 2021Paragraph-level Rationale Extraction through Regularization: A case study on European Court of Human Rights Casescited by 77
  11. 2020How do Decisions Emerge across Layers in Neural Models? Interpretation with Differentiable Maskingcited by 63
  12. 2020TransQuest: Translation Quality Estimation with Cross-lingual Transformerscited by 59
  13. 2020MLQE-PE: A Multilingual Quality Estimation and Post-Editing Datasetcited by 47
  14. 2020TransQuest at WMT2020: Sentence-Level Direct Assessmentcited by 20
  15. 2021Quality Estimation without Human-labeled Datacited by 15
  16. 2017Confidence through Attentioncited by 8
  17. 2021Zero-shot Sequence Labeling for Transformer-based Sentence Classifierscited by 5

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 4; 2023: 6; 2024: 3; 2025: 3; 2026: 2.

22 papers.

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  1. 2021The Eval4NLP Shared Task on Explainable Quality Estimation: Overview and Resultscited by 27
  2. 2021Global Explainability of BERT-Based Evaluation Metrics by Disentangling along Linguistic Factorscited by 25
  3. 2023Rationalization for Explainable NLP: A Surveycited by 22
  4. 2022Learning to Scaffold: Optimizing Model Explanations for Teachingcited by 20
  5. 2022Towards Explainable Evaluation Metrics for Natural Language Generationcited by 15
  6. 2023The Inside Story: Towards Better Understanding of Machine Translation Neural Evaluation Metricscited by 15
  7. 2023Towards Explainable Evaluation Metrics for Machine Translationcited by 15
  8. 2023Incorporating Attribution Importance for Improving Faithfulness Metricscited by 14
  9. 2025Explainability in Practice: A Survey of Explainable NLP Across Various Domainscited by 11
  10. 2024Beyond Correlation: Interpretable Evaluation of Machine Translation Metricscited by 10
  11. 2023RAMP: Retrieval and Attribute-Marking Enhanced Prompting for Attribute-Controlled Translationcited by 9
  12. 2025AskQE: Question Answering as Automatic Evaluation for Machine Translationcited by 7
10 more
  1. 2022A Multilingual Perspective Towards the Evaluation of Attribution Methods in Natural Language Inferencecited by 5
  2. 2023Towards Unsupervised Recognition of Token-level Semantic Differences in Related Documentscited by 5
  3. 2025Should I Share this Translation? Evaluating Quality Feedback for User Reliance on Machine Translationcited by 5
  4. 2024Word-Level ASR Quality Estimation for Efficient Corpus Sampling and Post-Editing through Analyzing Attentions of a Reference-Free Metriccited by 4
  5. 2022SOLD: Sinhala Offensive Language Datasetcited by 2
  6. 2021Does Summary Evaluation Survive Translation to Other Languages?cited by 1
  7. 2021Consistency and Coherence from Points of Contextual Similaritycited by 1
  8. 2024Explanation Regularisation through the Lens of Attributionscited by 1
  9. 2026Pingala: Prosody-Aware Decoding for Sanskrit Poetry Generationcited by 1
  10. 2026Evaluating Explainable AI Attribution Methods in Neural Machine Translation via Attention-Guided Knowledge Distillationcited by 0