mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

AC/DC: Alternating Compressed/DeCompressed Training of Deep Neural Networks

arXiv 2106.12379 ↗First posted 23 Jun 2021cs.LG cs.AIcited by 58

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Abstract (arXiv)

The increasing computational requirements of deep neural networks (DNNs) have led to significant interest in obtaining DNN models that are sparse, yet accurate. Recent work has investigated the even harder case of sparse training, where the DNN weights are, for as much as possible, already sparse to reduce computational costs during training. Existing sparse training methods are often empirical and can have lower accuracy relative to the dense baseline. In this paper, we present a general approach called Alternating Compressed/DeCompressed (AC/DC) training of DNNs, demonstrate convergence for a variant of the algorithm, and show that AC/DC outperforms existing sparse training methods in accuracy at similar computational budgets; at high sparsity levels, AC/DC even outperforms existing methods that rely on accurate pre-trained dense models. An important property of AC/DC is that it allows co-training of dense and sparse models, yielding accurate sparse-dense model pairs at the end of the training process. This is useful in practice, where compressed variants may be desirable for deployment in resource-constrained settings without re-doing the entire training flow, and also provides us with insights into the accuracy gap between dense and compressed models. The code is available at: https://github.com/IST-DASLab/ACDC .

Key facts. Cited by 58 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 42 of its 63 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Jun 2021.

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42 of 63 references.

References · 42

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30 more
  1. 2018SNIP: Single-shot Network Pruning based on Connection Sensitivitycited by 802
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  5. 2017To prune, or not to prune: exploring the efficacy of pruning for model compressioncited by 596
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 14; 2023: 17; 2024: 11; 2025: 9; 2026: 4.

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  1. 2021Scaling Language Models: Methods, Analysis & Insights from Training Gophercited by 1,199
  2. 2023SparseGPT: Massive Language Models Can Be Accurately Pruned in One-Shotcited by 1,090
  3. 2023A Simple and Effective Pruning Approach for Large Language Modelscited by 776
  4. 2023Structured Pruning for Deep Convolutional Neural Networks: A surveycited by 122
  5. 2022Monarch: Expressive Structured Matrices for Efficient and Accurate Trainingcited by 100
  6. 2022The State of Sparse Training in Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 60
  7. 2022Advancing Model Pruning via Bi-level Optimizationcited by 55
  8. 2021How Well Do Sparse Imagenet Models Transfer?cited by 50
  9. 2024RoSA: Accurate Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning via Robust Adaptationcited by 48
  10. 2023Scaling Laws for Sparsely-Connected Foundation Modelscited by 41
  11. 2022SPDY: Accurate Pruning with Speedup Guaranteescited by 34
  12. 2023Ten Lessons We Have Learned in the New "Sparseland": A Short Handbook for Sparse Neural Network Researcherscited by 25
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  1. 2022CAP: Correlation-Aware Pruning for Highly-Accurate Sparse Vision Modelscited by 20
  2. 2023Dynamic Sparsity Is Channel-Level Sparsity Learnercited by 17
  3. 2022Is Complexity Required for Neural Network Pruning? A Case Study on Global Magnitude Pruningcited by 13
  4. 2021Towards Structured Dynamic Sparse Pre-Training of BERTcited by 12
  5. 2022Dimensionality Reduced Training by Pruning and Freezing Parts of a Deep Neural Network, a Surveycited by 12
  6. 2022Optimization with Access to Auxiliary Informationcited by 12
  7. 2023SparseProp: Efficient Sparse Backpropagation for Faster Training of Neural Networkscited by 12
  8. 2023PDP: Parameter-free Differentiable Pruning is All You Needcited by 12
  9. 2024Mask in the Mirror: Implicit Sparsificationcited by 12
  10. 2024Pruning By Explaining Revisited: Optimizing Attribution Methods to Prune CNNs and Transformerscited by 11
  11. 2024Dynamic Sparse Training versus Dense Training: The Unexpected Winner in Image Corruption Robustnesscited by 11
  12. 2023Accurate Neural Network Pruning Requires Rethinking Sparse Optimizationcited by 10
  13. 2024Multilingual Brain Surgeon: Large Language Models Can be Compressed Leaving No Language Behindcited by 10
  14. 2022Iterative Hard Thresholding with Adaptive Regularization: Sparser Solutions Without Sacrificing Runtimecited by 9
  15. 2024The Iterative Optimal Brain Surgeon: Faster Sparse Recovery by Leveraging Second-Order Informationcited by 8
  16. 2022CrAM: A Compression-Aware Minimizercited by 7
  17. 2025Sign-In to the Lottery: Reparameterizing Sparse Training From Scratchcited by 6
  18. 2024TriLoRA: Integrating SVD for Advanced Style Personalization in Text-to-Image Generationcited by 5
  19. 2025Thanos: A Block-wise Pruning Algorithm for Efficient Large Language Model Compressioncited by 5
  20. 2025SAFE: Finding Sparse and Flat Minima to Improve Pruningcited by 5
  21. 2023Divergent Token Metrics: Measuring degradation to prune away LLM components -- and optimize quantizationcited by 4
  22. 2022Zeroth-Order Hard-Thresholding: Gradient Error vs. Expansivitycited by 3
  23. 2023Pruning Before Training May Improve Generalization, Provablycited by 3
  24. 2023Resource Efficient Neural Networks Using Hessian Based Pruningcited by 3
  25. 2023Uncovering the Hidden Cost of Model Compressioncited by 3
  26. 2025Brain network science modelling of sparse neural networks enables Transformers and LLMs to perform as fully connectedcited by 3
  27. 2025Differentiable Sparsity via D-Gating: Simple and Versatile Structured Penalizationcited by 3
  28. 2026Sparse Training of Neural Networks based on Multilevel Mirror Descentcited by 3
  29. 2023SPADE: Sparsity-Guided Debugging for Deep Neural Networkscited by 2
  30. 2023Towards Higher Ranks via Adversarial Weight Pruningcited by 2
  31. 2025The Journey Matters: Average Parameter Count over Pre-training Unifies Sparse and Dense Scaling Lawscited by 2
  32. 2025Residual Reweighted Conformal Prediction for Graph Neural Networkscited by 2
  33. 2022End-to-End Sensitivity-Based Filter Pruningcited by 1
  34. 2022DRESS: Dynamic REal-time Sparse Subnetscited by 1
  35. 2024Separate, Dynamic and Differentiable (SMART) Pruner for Block/Output Channel Pruning on Computer Vision Taskscited by 1
  36. 2024Cyclic Sparse Training: Is it Enough?cited by 1
  37. 2025An Efficient Sparse Fine-Tuning with Low Quantization Error via Neural Network Pruningcited by 1
  38. 2022Pruning by Active Attention Manipulationcited by 0

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