XeroAlign: Zero-Shot Cross-lingual Transformer Alignment
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
The introduction of pretrained cross-lingual language models brought decisive improvements to multilingual NLP tasks. However, the lack of labelled task data necessitates a variety of methods aiming to close the gap to high-resource languages. Zero-shot methods in particular, often use translated task data as a training signal to bridge the performance gap between the source and target language(s). We introduce XeroAlign, a simple method for task-specific alignment of cross-lingual pretrained transformers such as XLM-R. XeroAlign uses translated task data to encourage the model to generate similar sentence embeddings for different languages. The XeroAligned XLM-R, called XLM-RA, shows strong improvements over the baseline models to achieve state-of-the-art zero-shot results on three multilingual natural language understanding tasks. XLM-RA's text classification accuracy exceeds that of XLM-R trained with labelled data and performs on par with state-of-the-art models on a cross-lingual adversarial paraphrasing task.
Key facts. Cited by 11 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 33 of its 44 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 May 2021.
Builds on
33 of 44 references.
References · 33
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
- 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,160
- 2020A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representationscited by 11,979
- 2019Momentum Contrast for Unsupervised Visual Representation Learningcited by 7,482
- 2018GLUE: A Multi-Task Benchmark and Analysis Platform for Natural Language Understandingcited by 4,854
- 2019Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning at Scalecited by 3,907
- 2020mT5: A massively multilingual pre-trained text-to-text transformercited by 1,813
- 2019SuperGLUE: A Stickier Benchmark for General-Purpose Language Understanding Systemscited by 1,718
- 2019Cross-lingual Language Model Pretrainingcited by 1,088
- 2018XNLI: Evaluating Cross-lingual Sentence Representationscited by 913
21 more
- 2020The State and Fate of Linguistic Diversity and Inclusion in the NLP Worldcited by 789
- 2020XTREME: A Massively Multilingual Multi-task Benchmark for Evaluating Cross-lingual Generalizationcited by 738
- 2013An Empirical Investigation of Catastrophic Forgetting in Gradient-Based Neural Networkscited by 711
- 2020Language-agnostic BERT Sentence Embeddingcited by 621
- 2019PAWS: Paraphrase Adversaries from Word Scramblingcited by 395
- 2019MLQA: Evaluating Cross-lingual Extractive Question Answeringcited by 339
- 2020Supervised Contrastive Learning for Pre-trained Language Model Fine-tuningcited by 275
- 2019PAWS-X: A Cross-lingual Adversarial Dataset for Paraphrase Identificationcited by 262
- 2020InfoXLM: An Information-Theoretic Framework for Cross-Lingual Language Model Pre-Trainingcited by 237
- 2020XGLUE: A New Benchmark Dataset for Cross-lingual Pre-training, Understanding and Generationcited by 221
- 2020MTOP: A Comprehensive Multilingual Task-Oriented Semantic Parsing Benchmarkcited by 156
- 2018Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning for Multilingual Task Oriented Dialogcited by 124
- 2020What makes instance discrimination good for transfer learning?cited by 111
- 2020End-to-End Slot Alignment and Recognition for Cross-Lingual NLUcited by 82
- 2020CoSDA-ML: Multi-Lingual Code-Switching Data Augmentation for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual NLPcited by 79
- 2020Explicit Alignment Objectives for Multilingual Bidirectional Encoderscited by 50
- 2019Attention-Informed Mixed-Language Training for Zero-shot Cross-lingual Task-oriented Dialogue Systemscited by 42
- 2019Entity Projection via Machine Translation for Cross-Lingual NERcited by 32
- 2020Multilingual BERT Post-Pretraining Alignmentcited by 30
- 2020FILTER: An Enhanced Fusion Method for Cross-lingual Language Understandingcited by 29
- 2014Multilingual Models for Compositional Distributed Semanticscited by 18
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 5; 2023: 2; 2024: 2; 2025: 1.
11 papers.
- 2024Understanding Cross-Lingual Alignment -- A Surveycited by 34
- 2025Middle-Layer Representation Alignment for Cross-Lingual Transfer in Fine-Tuned LLMscited by 26
- 2023Cross-Lingual Transfer with Target Language-Ready Task Adapterscited by 15
- 2022Combining Static and Contextualised Multilingual Embeddingscited by 8
- 2022EntityCS: Improving Zero-Shot Cross-lingual Transfer with Entity-Centric Code Switchingcited by 8
- 2022CrossAligner & Co: Zero-Shot Transfer Methods for Task-Oriented Cross-lingual Natural Language Understandingcited by 7
- 2023Transfer-Free Data-Efficient Multilingual Slot Labelingcited by 4
- 2022Label-aware Multi-level Contrastive Learning for Cross-lingual Spoken Language Understandingcited by 3
- 2021Call Larisa Ivanovna: Code-Switching Fools Multilingual NLU Modelscited by 2
- 2022Multilingual Multimodality: A Taxonomical Survey of Datasets, Techniques, Challenges and Opportunitiescited by 1
- 2024Cross-lingual Transfer for Automatic Question Generation by Learning Interrogative Structures in Target Languagescited by 1
- 2025Middle-Layer Representation Alignment for Cross-Lingual Transfer in Fine-Tuned LLMs20 Feb 2025
- 2024Cross-lingual Transfer for Automatic Question Generation by Learning Interrogative Structures in Target Languages4 Oct 2024
- 2024Understanding Cross-Lingual Alignment -- A Survey9 Apr 2024
- 2023Cross-Lingual Transfer with Target Language-Ready Task Adapters5 Jun 2023
- 2023Transfer-Free Data-Efficient Multilingual Slot Labeling22 May 2023
- 2022Multilingual Multimodality: A Taxonomical Survey of Datasets, Techniques, Challenges and Opportunities30 Oct 2022
- 2022EntityCS: Improving Zero-Shot Cross-lingual Transfer with Entity-Centric Code Switching22 Oct 2022
- 2022Label-aware Multi-level Contrastive Learning for Cross-lingual Spoken Language Understanding7 May 2022
- 2022CrossAligner & Co: Zero-Shot Transfer Methods for Task-Oriented Cross-lingual Natural Language Understanding18 Mar 2022
- 2022Combining Static and Contextualised Multilingual Embeddings17 Mar 2022
- 2021Call Larisa Ivanovna: Code-Switching Fools Multilingual NLU Models29 Sep 2021
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2023Multilingual Sentence Transformer as A Multilingual Word Aligner
- 2022Cross-Align: Modeling Deep Cross-lingual Interactions for Word Alignment
- 2025LANGALIGN: Enhancing Non-English Language Models via Cross-Lingual Embedding Alignment
- 2026Cross-Lingual Alignment Without Joint Training: Do Monolingual Language Models Converge on Universal Representations?
- 2025Benchmarking Cross-Lingual Semantic Alignment in Multilingual Embeddings
- 2021Improving Pretrained Cross-Lingual Language Models via Self-Labeled Word Alignment
- 2024PreAlign: Boosting Cross-Lingual Transfer by Early Establishment of Multilingual Alignment
- 2023Exploring the Relationship between Alignment and Cross-lingual Transfer in Multilingual Transformers