mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

XeroAlign: Zero-Shot Cross-lingual Transformer Alignment

arXiv 2105.02472 ↗First posted 6 May 2021cs.CLcited by 11

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

The introduction of pretrained cross-lingual language models brought decisive improvements to multilingual NLP tasks. However, the lack of labelled task data necessitates a variety of methods aiming to close the gap to high-resource languages. Zero-shot methods in particular, often use translated task data as a training signal to bridge the performance gap between the source and target language(s). We introduce XeroAlign, a simple method for task-specific alignment of cross-lingual pretrained transformers such as XLM-R. XeroAlign uses translated task data to encourage the model to generate similar sentence embeddings for different languages. The XeroAligned XLM-R, called XLM-RA, shows strong improvements over the baseline models to achieve state-of-the-art zero-shot results on three multilingual natural language understanding tasks. XLM-RA's text classification accuracy exceeds that of XLM-R trained with labelled data and performs on par with state-of-the-art models on a cross-lingual adversarial paraphrasing task.

Key facts. Cited by 11 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 33 of its 44 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 May 2021.

Builds on

33 of 44 references.

References · 33

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  3. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
  4. 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,160
  5. 2020A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representationscited by 11,979
  6. 2019Momentum Contrast for Unsupervised Visual Representation Learningcited by 7,482
  7. 2018GLUE: A Multi-Task Benchmark and Analysis Platform for Natural Language Understandingcited by 4,854
  8. 2019Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning at Scalecited by 3,907
  9. 2020mT5: A massively multilingual pre-trained text-to-text transformercited by 1,813
  10. 2019SuperGLUE: A Stickier Benchmark for General-Purpose Language Understanding Systemscited by 1,718
  11. 2019Cross-lingual Language Model Pretrainingcited by 1,088
  12. 2018XNLI: Evaluating Cross-lingual Sentence Representationscited by 913
21 more
  1. 2020The State and Fate of Linguistic Diversity and Inclusion in the NLP Worldcited by 789
  2. 2020XTREME: A Massively Multilingual Multi-task Benchmark for Evaluating Cross-lingual Generalizationcited by 738
  3. 2013An Empirical Investigation of Catastrophic Forgetting in Gradient-Based Neural Networkscited by 711
  4. 2020Language-agnostic BERT Sentence Embeddingcited by 621
  5. 2019PAWS: Paraphrase Adversaries from Word Scramblingcited by 395
  6. 2019MLQA: Evaluating Cross-lingual Extractive Question Answeringcited by 339
  7. 2020Supervised Contrastive Learning for Pre-trained Language Model Fine-tuningcited by 275
  8. 2019PAWS-X: A Cross-lingual Adversarial Dataset for Paraphrase Identificationcited by 262
  9. 2020InfoXLM: An Information-Theoretic Framework for Cross-Lingual Language Model Pre-Trainingcited by 237
  10. 2020XGLUE: A New Benchmark Dataset for Cross-lingual Pre-training, Understanding and Generationcited by 221
  11. 2020MTOP: A Comprehensive Multilingual Task-Oriented Semantic Parsing Benchmarkcited by 156
  12. 2018Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning for Multilingual Task Oriented Dialogcited by 124
  13. 2020What makes instance discrimination good for transfer learning?cited by 111
  14. 2020End-to-End Slot Alignment and Recognition for Cross-Lingual NLUcited by 82
  15. 2020CoSDA-ML: Multi-Lingual Code-Switching Data Augmentation for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual NLPcited by 79
  16. 2020Explicit Alignment Objectives for Multilingual Bidirectional Encoderscited by 50
  17. 2019Attention-Informed Mixed-Language Training for Zero-shot Cross-lingual Task-oriented Dialogue Systemscited by 42
  18. 2019Entity Projection via Machine Translation for Cross-Lingual NERcited by 32
  19. 2020Multilingual BERT Post-Pretraining Alignmentcited by 30
  20. 2020FILTER: An Enhanced Fusion Method for Cross-lingual Language Understandingcited by 29
  21. 2014Multilingual Models for Compositional Distributed Semanticscited by 18

Built on by

Cited by year

Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 5; 2023: 2; 2024: 2; 2025: 1.

11 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2023Multilingual Sentence Transformer as A Multilingual Word Aligner
  2. 2022Cross-Align: Modeling Deep Cross-lingual Interactions for Word Alignment
  3. 2025LANGALIGN: Enhancing Non-English Language Models via Cross-Lingual Embedding Alignment
  4. 2026Cross-Lingual Alignment Without Joint Training: Do Monolingual Language Models Converge on Universal Representations?
  5. 2025Benchmarking Cross-Lingual Semantic Alignment in Multilingual Embeddings
  6. 2021Improving Pretrained Cross-Lingual Language Models via Self-Labeled Word Alignment
  7. 2024PreAlign: Boosting Cross-Lingual Transfer by Early Establishment of Multilingual Alignment
  8. 2023Exploring the Relationship between Alignment and Cross-lingual Transfer in Multilingual Transformers