End-to-End Slot Alignment and Recognition for Cross-Lingual NLU
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Abstract (arXiv)
Natural language understanding (NLU) in the context of goal-oriented dialog systems typically includes intent classification and slot labeling tasks. Existing methods to expand an NLU system to new languages use machine translation with slot label projection from source to the translated utterances, and thus are sensitive to projection errors. In this work, we propose a novel end-to-end model that learns to align and predict target slot labels jointly for cross-lingual transfer. We introduce MultiATIS++, a new multilingual NLU corpus that extends the Multilingual ATIS corpus to nine languages across four language families, and evaluate our method using the corpus. Results show that our method outperforms a simple label projection method using fast-align on most languages, and achieves competitive performance to the more complex, state-of-the-art projection method with only half of the training time. We release our MultiATIS++ corpus to the community to continue future research on cross-lingual NLU.
Key facts. Cited by 82 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 29 Apr 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 20; 2022: 26; 2023: 15; 2024: 13; 2025: 8.
82 papers.
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- 2023Instruction Tuning for Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 617
- 2022MASSIVE: A 1M-Example Multilingual Natural Language Understanding Dataset with 51 Typologically-Diverse Languagescited by 142
- 2022State-of-the-art generalisation research in NLP: A taxonomy and reviewcited by 97
- 2021Language Models are Few-shot Multilingual Learnerscited by 92
- 2021A Survey on Spoken Language Understanding: Recent Advances and New Frontierscited by 53
- 2024Multilingual Large Language Model: A Survey of Resources, Taxonomy and Frontierscited by 49
- 2021From Masked Language Modeling to Translation: Non-English Auxiliary Tasks Improve Zero-shot Spoken Language Understandingcited by 43
- 2021Multilingual and Cross-Lingual Intent Detection from Spoken Datacited by 35
- 2022Frustratingly Easy Label Projection for Cross-lingual Transfercited by 33
- 2022LINGUIST: Language Model Instruction Tuning to Generate Annotated Utterances for Intent Classification and Slot Taggingcited by 29
- 2024AutoGluon-Multimodal (AutoMM): Supercharging Multimodal AutoML with Foundation Modelscited by 29
- 2021Multilingual Code-Switching for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Intent Prediction and Slot Fillingcited by 25
38 more
- 2021ConvFiT: Conversational Fine-Tuning of Pretrained Language Modelscited by 25
- 2022Cross-Lingual Dialogue Dataset Creation via Outline-Based Generationcited by 23
- 2022MultiSpider: Towards Benchmarking Multilingual Text-to-SQL Semantic Parsingcited by 22
- 2024Speech-MASSIVE: A Multilingual Speech Dataset for SLU and Beyondcited by 20
- 2021Intent Detection and Slot Filling for Vietnamesecited by 19
- 2021Zero-Shot Cross-lingual Semantic Parsingcited by 19
- 2022pNLP-Mixer: an Efficient all-MLP Architecture for Languagecited by 19
- 2021Intent Classification and Slot Filling for Privacy Policiescited by 18
- 2021Translate & Fill: Improving Zero-Shot Multilingual Semantic Parsing with Synthetic Datacited by 17
- 2021Crossing the Conversational Chasm: A Primer on Natural Language Processing for Multilingual Task-Oriented Dialogue Systemscited by 16
- 2021Contributions of Transformer Attention Heads in Multi- and Cross-lingual Taskscited by 16
- 2023PRESTO: A Multilingual Dataset for Parsing Realistic Task-Oriented Dialogscited by 16
- 2023Multi3WOZ: A Multilingual, Multi-Domain, Multi-Parallel Dataset for Training and Evaluating Culturally Adapted Task-Oriented Dialog Systemscited by 16
- 2022Alexa Teacher Model: Pretraining and Distilling Multi-Billion-Parameter Encoders for Natural Language Understanding Systemscited by 15
- 2022MULTI3NLU++: A Multilingual, Multi-Intent, Multi-Domain Dataset for Natural Language Understanding in Task-Oriented Dialoguecited by 15
- 2022GL-CLeF: A Global-Local Contrastive Learning Framework for Cross-lingual Spoken Language Understandingcited by 14
- 2022A Survey of Intent Classification and Slot-Filling Datasets for Task-Oriented Dialogcited by 14
- 2022Extrinsic Evaluation of Machine Translation Metricscited by 14
- 2021XeroAlign: Zero-Shot Cross-lingual Transformer Alignmentcited by 11
- 2021Syntax-augmented Multilingual BERT for Cross-lingual Transfercited by 11
- 2022Meta-Learning a Cross-lingual Manifold for Semantic Parsingcited by 11
- 2021Distilling Large Language Models into Tiny and Effective Students using pQRNNcited by 10
- 2022Robustification of Multilingual Language Models to Real-world Noise in Crosslingual Zero-shot Settings with Robust Contrastive Pretrainingcited by 9
- 2023Contextual Label Projection for Cross-Lingual Structured Predictioncited by 9
- 2022NLU++: A Multi-Label, Slot-Rich, Generalisable Dataset for Natural Language Understanding in Task-Oriented Dialoguecited by 8
- 2022EntityCS: Improving Zero-Shot Cross-lingual Transfer with Entity-Centric Code Switchingcited by 8
- 2024Constrained Decoding for Cross-lingual Label Projectioncited by 8
- 2022CrossAligner & Co: Zero-Shot Transfer Methods for Task-Oriented Cross-lingual Natural Language Understandingcited by 7
- 2024Reasoning-Enhanced Object-Centric Learning for Videoscited by 7
- 2025Multilingual Text-to-SQL: Benchmarking the Limits of Language Models with Collaborative Language Agentscited by 7
- 2022Redwood: Using Collision Detection to Grow a Large-Scale Intent Classification Datasetcited by 6
- 2023On Evaluating Multilingual Compositional Generalization with Translated Datasetscited by 6
- 2023XSemPLR: Cross-Lingual Semantic Parsing in Multiple Natural Languages and Meaning Representationscited by 5
- 2025Evaluating and Improving Robustness in Large Language Models: A Survey and Future Directionscited by 5
- 2021Cross-Lingual Text Classification of Transliterated Hindi and Malayalamcited by 4
- 2021Learning from Multiple Noisy Augmented Data Sets for Better Cross-Lingual Spoken Language Understandingcited by 4
- 2022On the cross-lingual transferability of multilingual prototypical models across NLU taskscited by 4
- 2023Zero-Shot Slot and Intent Detection in Low-Resource Languagescited by 4
50 most cited of 82 All 82 (JSON)
- 2025Multi-Intent Spoken Language Understanding: Methods, Trends, and Challenges12 Dec 2025
- 2025Introducing Visual Scenes and Reasoning: A More Realistic Benchmark for Spoken Language Understanding24 Nov 2025
- 2025Multilingual Text-to-SQL: Benchmarking the Limits of Language Models with Collaborative Language Agents29 Sep 2025
- 2025WolBanking77: Wolof Banking Speech Intent Classification Dataset23 Sep 2025
- 2025Evaluating and Improving Robustness in Large Language Models: A Survey and Future Directions8 Jun 2025
- 2025Intent Classification on Low-Resource Languages with Query Similarity Search23 May 2025
- 2025Add Noise, Tasks, or Layers? MaiNLP at the VarDial 2025 Shared Task on Norwegian Dialectal Slot and Intent Detection7 Jan 2025
- 2025Improving Dialectal Slot and Intent Detection with Auxiliary Tasks: A Multi-Dialectal Bavarian Case Study7 Jan 2025
- 2024Task-Oriented Dialog Systems for the Senegalese Wolof Language15 Dec 2024
- 2024CALICO: Conversational Agent Localization via Synthetic Data Generation6 Dec 2024
- 2024Speech-MASSIVE: A Multilingual Speech Dataset for SLU and Beyond7 Aug 2024
- 2024HC2L: Hybrid and Cooperative Contrastive Learning for Cross-lingual Spoken Language Understanding10 May 2024
38 more
- 2024AutoGluon-Multimodal (AutoMM): Supercharging Multimodal AutoML with Foundation Models24 Apr 2024
- 2024Multilingual Large Language Model: A Survey of Resources, Taxonomy and Frontiers7 Apr 2024
- 2024New Semantic Task for the French Spoken Language Understanding MEDIA Benchmark28 Mar 2024
- 2024mALBERT: Is a Compact Multilingual BERT Model Still Worth It?27 Mar 2024
- 2024Domain Adaptation in Intent Classification Systems: A Review26 Mar 2024
- 2024Reasoning-Enhanced Object-Centric Learning for Videos22 Mar 2024
- 2024Constrained Decoding for Cross-lingual Label Projection5 Feb 2024
- 2024Exploring the Robustness of Task-oriented Dialogue Systems for Colloquial German Varieties3 Feb 2024
- 2024Efficient slot labelling17 Jan 2024
- 2023Co-guiding for Multi-intent Spoken Language Understanding22 Nov 2023
- 2023I2KD-SLU: An Intra-Inter Knowledge Distillation Framework for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Spoken Language Understanding4 Oct 2023
- 2023Contextual Label Projection for Cross-Lingual Structured Prediction16 Sep 2023
- 2023Instruction Tuning for Large Language Models: A Survey21 Aug 2023
- 2023System-Initiated Transitions from Chit-Chat to Task-Oriented Dialogues with Transition Info Extractor and Transition Sentence Generator6 Aug 2023
- 2023Multi3WOZ: A Multilingual, Multi-Domain, Multi-Parallel Dataset for Training and Evaluating Culturally Adapted Task-Oriented Dialog Systems26 Jul 2023
- 2023Optimal Transport Posterior Alignment for Cross-lingual Semantic Parsing9 Jul 2023
- 2023On Evaluating Multilingual Compositional Generalization with Translated Datasets20 Jun 2023
- 2023Recipes for Sequential Pre-training of Multilingual Encoder and Seq2Seq Models14 Jun 2023
- 2023XSemPLR: Cross-Lingual Semantic Parsing in Multiple Natural Languages and Meaning Representations7 Jun 2023
- 2023Transfer-Free Data-Efficient Multilingual Slot Labeling22 May 2023
- 2023Zero-Shot Slot and Intent Detection in Low-Resource Languages26 Apr 2023
- 2023Evaluating Inter-Bilingual Semantic Parsing for Indian Languages25 Apr 2023
- 2023PRESTO: A Multilingual Dataset for Parsing Realistic Task-Oriented Dialogs15 Mar 2023
- 2023A Persian Benchmark for Joint Intent Detection and Slot Filling1 Mar 2023
- 2022MultiSpider: Towards Benchmarking Multilingual Text-to-SQL Semantic Parsing27 Dec 2022
- 2022MULTI3NLU++: A Multilingual, Multi-Intent, Multi-Domain Dataset for Natural Language Understanding in Task-Oriented Dialogue20 Dec 2022
- 2022Extrinsic Evaluation of Machine Translation Metrics20 Dec 2022
- 2022Frustratingly Easy Label Projection for Cross-lingual Transfer28 Nov 2022
- 2022EntityCS: Improving Zero-Shot Cross-lingual Transfer with Entity-Centric Code Switching22 Oct 2022
- 2022Bootstrapping Multilingual Semantic Parsers using Large Language Models13 Oct 2022
- 2022Robustification of Multilingual Language Models to Real-world Noise in Crosslingual Zero-shot Settings with Robust Contrastive Pretraining10 Oct 2022
- 2022State-of-the-art generalisation research in NLP: A taxonomy and review6 Oct 2022
- 2022Meta-Learning a Cross-lingual Manifold for Semantic Parsing26 Sep 2022
- 2022LINGUIST: Language Model Instruction Tuning to Generate Annotated Utterances for Intent Classification and Slot Tagging20 Sep 2022
- 2022A Survey of Intent Classification and Slot-Filling Datasets for Task-Oriented Dialog26 Jul 2022
- 2022On the cross-lingual transferability of multilingual prototypical models across NLU tasks19 Jul 2022
- 2022Benchmarking Transformers-based models on French Spoken Language Understanding tasks19 Jul 2022
- 2022Alexa Teacher Model: Pretraining and Distilling Multi-Billion-Parameter Encoders for Natural Language Understanding Systems15 Jun 2022
50 newest of 82 All 82 (JSON)
- 2023Instruction Tuning for Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 617
- 2022MASSIVE: A 1M-Example Multilingual Natural Language Understanding Dataset with 51 Typologically-Diverse Languagescited by 142
- 2022State-of-the-art generalisation research in NLP: A taxonomy and reviewcited by 97
- 2021Language Models are Few-shot Multilingual Learnerscited by 92
- 2021A Survey on Spoken Language Understanding: Recent Advances and New Frontierscited by 53
- 2021From Masked Language Modeling to Translation: Non-English Auxiliary Tasks Improve Zero-shot Spoken Language Understandingcited by 43
- 2021Multilingual and Cross-Lingual Intent Detection from Spoken Datacited by 35
- 2022Frustratingly Easy Label Projection for Cross-lingual Transfercited by 33
- 2022LINGUIST: Language Model Instruction Tuning to Generate Annotated Utterances for Intent Classification and Slot Taggingcited by 29
- 2024AutoGluon-Multimodal (AutoMM): Supercharging Multimodal AutoML with Foundation Modelscited by 29
- 2021Multilingual Code-Switching for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Intent Prediction and Slot Fillingcited by 25
- 2021ConvFiT: Conversational Fine-Tuning of Pretrained Language Modelscited by 25
12 most cited of 76 All 76 (JSON)
- 2025Multi-Intent Spoken Language Understanding: Methods, Trends, and Challenges12 Dec 2025
- 2025Introducing Visual Scenes and Reasoning: A More Realistic Benchmark for Spoken Language Understanding24 Nov 2025
- 2025WolBanking77: Wolof Banking Speech Intent Classification Dataset23 Sep 2025
- 2025Evaluating and Improving Robustness in Large Language Models: A Survey and Future Directions8 Jun 2025
- 2025Intent Classification on Low-Resource Languages with Query Similarity Search23 May 2025
- 2025Add Noise, Tasks, or Layers? MaiNLP at the VarDial 2025 Shared Task on Norwegian Dialectal Slot and Intent Detection7 Jan 2025
- 2025Improving Dialectal Slot and Intent Detection with Auxiliary Tasks: A Multi-Dialectal Bavarian Case Study7 Jan 2025
- 2024Task-Oriented Dialog Systems for the Senegalese Wolof Language15 Dec 2024
- 2024Speech-MASSIVE: A Multilingual Speech Dataset for SLU and Beyond7 Aug 2024
- 2024HC2L: Hybrid and Cooperative Contrastive Learning for Cross-lingual Spoken Language Understanding10 May 2024
- 2024AutoGluon-Multimodal (AutoMM): Supercharging Multimodal AutoML with Foundation Models24 Apr 2024
- 2024New Semantic Task for the French Spoken Language Understanding MEDIA Benchmark28 Mar 2024
12 newest of 76 All 76 (JSON)