mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Multilingual Models for Compositional Distributed Semantics

arXiv 1404.4641 ↗First posted 17 Apr 2014cs.CLcited by 18

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Abstract (arXiv)

We present a novel technique for learning semantic representations, which extends the distributional hypothesis to multilingual data and joint-space embeddings. Our models leverage parallel data and learn to strongly align the embeddings of semantically equivalent sentences, while maintaining sufficient distance between those of dissimilar sentences. The models do not rely on word alignments or any syntactic information and are successfully applied to a number of diverse languages. We extend our approach to learn semantic representations at the document level, too. We evaluate these models on two cross-lingual document classification tasks, outperforming the prior state of the art. Through qualitative analysis and the study of pivoting effects we demonstrate that our representations are semantically plausible and can capture semantic relationships across languages without parallel data.

Key facts. Cited by 18 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 17 Apr 2014.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 4; 2023: 4; 2024: 3; 2025: 0; 2026: 1.

18 papers.

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  1. 2021Are Multilingual Models Effective in Code-Switching?cited by 56
  2. 2021XeroAlign: Zero-Shot Cross-lingual Transformer Alignmentcited by 11
  3. 2023Crosslingual Transfer Learning for Low-Resource Languages Based on Multilingual Colexification Graphscited by 11
  4. 2023Enhancing Cross-lingual Natural Language Inference by Soft Prompting with Multilingual Verbalizercited by 7
  5. 2021HIT: A Hierarchically Fused Deep Attention Network for Robust Code-mixed Language Representationcited by 5
  6. 2022Beyond Contrastive Learning: A Variational Generative Model for Multilingual Retrievalcited by 5
  7. 2022Retrofitting Multilingual Sentence Embeddings with Abstract Meaning Representationcited by 4
  8. 2021Sentence Alignment with Parallel Documents Facilitates Biomedical Machine Translationcited by 3
  9. 2021A Multilingual Bag-of-Entities Model for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Text Classificationcited by 2
  10. 2022A Comprehensive Understanding of Code-mixed Language Semantics using Hierarchical Transformercited by 2
  11. 2024MoSECroT: Model Stitching with Static Word Embeddings for Crosslingual Zero-shot Transfercited by 2
  12. 2023Character-level Chinese Backpack Language Modelscited by 1
6 more
  1. 2024Computational Approaches to Arabic-English Code-Switchingcited by 1
  2. 2021Bilingual Language Modeling, A transfer learning technique for Roman Urducited by 0
  3. 2022Sentiment Classification of Code-Switched Text using Pre-trained Multilingual Embeddings and Segmentationcited by 0
  4. 2023Speech representation learning: Learning bidirectional encoders with single-view, multi-view, and multi-task methodscited by 0
  5. 2024Cross-Lingual Word Alignment for ASEAN Languages with Contrastive Learningcited by 0
  6. 2026Corpus-Based Approaches to Igbo Diacritic Restorationcited by 0