Multilingual Models for Compositional Distributed Semantics
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present a novel technique for learning semantic representations, which extends the distributional hypothesis to multilingual data and joint-space embeddings. Our models leverage parallel data and learn to strongly align the embeddings of semantically equivalent sentences, while maintaining sufficient distance between those of dissimilar sentences. The models do not rely on word alignments or any syntactic information and are successfully applied to a number of diverse languages. We extend our approach to learn semantic representations at the document level, too. We evaluate these models on two cross-lingual document classification tasks, outperforming the prior state of the art. Through qualitative analysis and the study of pivoting effects we demonstrate that our representations are semantically plausible and can capture semantic relationships across languages without parallel data.
Key facts. Cited by 18 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 17 Apr 2014.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 4; 2023: 4; 2024: 3; 2025: 0; 2026: 1.
18 papers.
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- 2021Are Multilingual Models Effective in Code-Switching?cited by 56
- 2021XeroAlign: Zero-Shot Cross-lingual Transformer Alignmentcited by 11
- 2023Crosslingual Transfer Learning for Low-Resource Languages Based on Multilingual Colexification Graphscited by 11
- 2023Enhancing Cross-lingual Natural Language Inference by Soft Prompting with Multilingual Verbalizercited by 7
- 2021HIT: A Hierarchically Fused Deep Attention Network for Robust Code-mixed Language Representationcited by 5
- 2022Beyond Contrastive Learning: A Variational Generative Model for Multilingual Retrievalcited by 5
- 2022Retrofitting Multilingual Sentence Embeddings with Abstract Meaning Representationcited by 4
- 2021Sentence Alignment with Parallel Documents Facilitates Biomedical Machine Translationcited by 3
- 2021A Multilingual Bag-of-Entities Model for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Text Classificationcited by 2
- 2022A Comprehensive Understanding of Code-mixed Language Semantics using Hierarchical Transformercited by 2
- 2024MoSECroT: Model Stitching with Static Word Embeddings for Crosslingual Zero-shot Transfercited by 2
- 2023Character-level Chinese Backpack Language Modelscited by 1
6 more
- 2024Computational Approaches to Arabic-English Code-Switchingcited by 1
- 2021Bilingual Language Modeling, A transfer learning technique for Roman Urducited by 0
- 2022Sentiment Classification of Code-Switched Text using Pre-trained Multilingual Embeddings and Segmentationcited by 0
- 2023Speech representation learning: Learning bidirectional encoders with single-view, multi-view, and multi-task methodscited by 0
- 2024Cross-Lingual Word Alignment for ASEAN Languages with Contrastive Learningcited by 0
- 2026Corpus-Based Approaches to Igbo Diacritic Restorationcited by 0
- 2026Corpus-Based Approaches to Igbo Diacritic Restoration26 Jan 2026
- 2024Computational Approaches to Arabic-English Code-Switching17 Oct 2024
- 2024Cross-Lingual Word Alignment for ASEAN Languages with Contrastive Learning6 Jul 2024
- 2024MoSECroT: Model Stitching with Static Word Embeddings for Crosslingual Zero-shot Transfer9 Jan 2024
- 2023Character-level Chinese Backpack Language Models19 Oct 2023
- 2023Speech representation learning: Learning bidirectional encoders with single-view, multi-view, and multi-task methods25 Jul 2023
- 2023Crosslingual Transfer Learning for Low-Resource Languages Based on Multilingual Colexification Graphs22 May 2023
- 2023Enhancing Cross-lingual Natural Language Inference by Soft Prompting with Multilingual Verbalizer22 May 2023
- 2022Beyond Contrastive Learning: A Variational Generative Model for Multilingual Retrieval21 Dec 2022
- 2022Sentiment Classification of Code-Switched Text using Pre-trained Multilingual Embeddings and Segmentation29 Oct 2022
- 2022Retrofitting Multilingual Sentence Embeddings with Abstract Meaning Representation18 Oct 2022
- 2022A Comprehensive Understanding of Code-mixed Language Semantics using Hierarchical Transformer27 Apr 2022
6 more
- 2021A Multilingual Bag-of-Entities Model for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Text Classification15 Oct 2021
- 2021HIT: A Hierarchically Fused Deep Attention Network for Robust Code-mixed Language Representation30 May 2021
- 2021XeroAlign: Zero-Shot Cross-lingual Transformer Alignment6 May 2021
- 2021Sentence Alignment with Parallel Documents Facilitates Biomedical Machine Translation17 Apr 2021
- 2021Are Multilingual Models Effective in Code-Switching?24 Mar 2021
- 2021Bilingual Language Modeling, A transfer learning technique for Roman Urdu22 Feb 2021
- 2021Are Multilingual Models Effective in Code-Switching?cited by 56
- 2021XeroAlign: Zero-Shot Cross-lingual Transformer Alignmentcited by 11
- 2023Crosslingual Transfer Learning for Low-Resource Languages Based on Multilingual Colexification Graphscited by 11
- 2023Enhancing Cross-lingual Natural Language Inference by Soft Prompting with Multilingual Verbalizercited by 7
- 2021HIT: A Hierarchically Fused Deep Attention Network for Robust Code-mixed Language Representationcited by 5
- 2022Beyond Contrastive Learning: A Variational Generative Model for Multilingual Retrievalcited by 5
- 2022Retrofitting Multilingual Sentence Embeddings with Abstract Meaning Representationcited by 4
- 2021Sentence Alignment with Parallel Documents Facilitates Biomedical Machine Translationcited by 3
- 2021A Multilingual Bag-of-Entities Model for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Text Classificationcited by 2
- 2022A Comprehensive Understanding of Code-mixed Language Semantics using Hierarchical Transformercited by 2
- 2024MoSECroT: Model Stitching with Static Word Embeddings for Crosslingual Zero-shot Transfercited by 2
- 2023Character-level Chinese Backpack Language Modelscited by 1
12 most cited of 18 All 18 (JSON)
- 2026Corpus-Based Approaches to Igbo Diacritic Restoration26 Jan 2026
- 2024Computational Approaches to Arabic-English Code-Switching17 Oct 2024
- 2024Cross-Lingual Word Alignment for ASEAN Languages with Contrastive Learning6 Jul 2024
- 2024MoSECroT: Model Stitching with Static Word Embeddings for Crosslingual Zero-shot Transfer9 Jan 2024
- 2023Character-level Chinese Backpack Language Models19 Oct 2023
- 2023Speech representation learning: Learning bidirectional encoders with single-view, multi-view, and multi-task methods25 Jul 2023
- 2023Crosslingual Transfer Learning for Low-Resource Languages Based on Multilingual Colexification Graphs22 May 2023
- 2023Enhancing Cross-lingual Natural Language Inference by Soft Prompting with Multilingual Verbalizer22 May 2023
- 2022Beyond Contrastive Learning: A Variational Generative Model for Multilingual Retrieval21 Dec 2022
- 2022Sentiment Classification of Code-Switched Text using Pre-trained Multilingual Embeddings and Segmentation29 Oct 2022
- 2022Retrofitting Multilingual Sentence Embeddings with Abstract Meaning Representation18 Oct 2022
- 2022A Comprehensive Understanding of Code-mixed Language Semantics using Hierarchical Transformer27 Apr 2022
12 newest of 18 All 18 (JSON)