mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

skweak: Weak Supervision Made Easy for NLP

arXiv 2104.09683 ↗First posted 19 Apr 2021cs.CL cs.AI cs.LGcited by 17

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Abstract (arXiv)

We present skweak, a versatile, Python-based software toolkit enabling NLP developers to apply weak supervision to a wide range of NLP tasks. Weak supervision is an emerging machine learning paradigm based on a simple idea: instead of labelling data points by hand, we use labelling functions derived from domain knowledge to automatically obtain annotations for a given dataset. The resulting labels are then aggregated with a generative model that estimates the accuracy (and possible confusions) of each labelling function. The skweak toolkit makes it easy to implement a large spectrum of labelling functions (such as heuristics, gazetteers, neural models or linguistic constraints) on text data, apply them on a corpus, and aggregate their results in a fully unsupervised fashion. skweak is especially designed to facilitate the use of weak supervision for NLP tasks such as text classification and sequence labelling. We illustrate the use of skweak for NER and sentiment analysis. skweak is released under an open-source license and is available at: https://github.com/NorskRegnesentral/skweak

Key facts. Cited by 17 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 14 of its 41 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Apr 2021.

Builds on

14 of 41 references.

References · 14

  1. 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,266
  2. 2018Deep contextualized word representationscited by 2,285
  3. 2019How multilingual is Multilingual BERT?cited by 642
  4. 2018Massively Multilingual Sentence Embeddings for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer and Beyondcited by 434
  5. 2017Snorkel: Rapid Training Data Creation with Weak Supervisioncited by 370
  6. 2019To Tune or Not to Tune? Adapting Pretrained Representations to Diverse Taskscited by 167
  7. 2020Fast and Three-rious: Speeding Up Weak Supervision with Triplet Methodscited by 98
  8. 2018Learning Named Entity Tagger using Domain-Specific Dictionarycited by 65
  9. 2020Named Entity Recognition without Labelled Data: A Weak Supervision Approachcited by 46
  10. 2017SwellShark: A Generative Model for Biomedical Named Entity Recognition without Labeled Datacited by 28
  11. 2019A Fine-Grained Sentiment Dataset for Norwegiancited by 23
  12. 2021Large-Scale Contextualised Language Modelling for Norwegiancited by 21
2 more
  1. 2017NoReC: The Norwegian Review Corpuscited by 17
  2. 2019Embedding Projection for Targeted Cross-Lingual Sentiment: Model Comparisons and a Real-World Studycited by 2

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 4; 2023: 5; 2024: 6.

17 papers.

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  1. 2021WRENCH: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Weak Supervisioncited by 95
  2. 2024A Simple but Effective Approach to Improve Structured Language Model Output for Information Extractioncited by 16
  3. 2023Weaker Than You Think: A Critical Look at Weakly Supervised Learningcited by 8
  4. 2022Ontology-Driven and Weakly Supervised Rare Disease Identification from Clinical Notescited by 7
  5. 2021SPEAR : Semi-supervised Data Programming in Pythoncited by 6
  6. 2022Sparse Conditional Hidden Markov Model for Weakly Supervised Named Entity Recognitioncited by 4
  7. 2022PInKS: Preconditioned Commonsense Inference with Minimal Supervisioncited by 4
  8. 2024Numerical Claim Detection in Finance: A New Financial Dataset, Weak-Supervision Model, and Market Analysiscited by 4
  9. 2023Biomedical Named Entity Recognition via Dictionary-based Synonym Generalizationcited by 3
  10. 2023Neural-Hidden-CRF: A Robust Weakly-Supervised Sequence Labelercited by 3
  11. 2024Evaluating Named Entity Recognition: A comparative analysis of mono- and multilingual transformer models on a novel Brazilian corporate earnings call transcripts datasetcited by 2
  12. 2024Scoping Review of Active Learning Strategies and their Evaluation Environments for Entity Recognition Taskscited by 2
5 more
  1. 2022Identifying epidemic related Tweets using noisy learningcited by 1
  2. 2023Weakly Supervised Text Classification on Free Text Comments in Patient-Reported Outcome Measurescited by 1
  3. 2024Enhancing Multi-Domain Automatic Short Answer Grading through an Explainable Neuro-Symbolic Pipelinecited by 1
  4. 2023Utilizing Weak Supervision To Generate Indonesian Conservation Datasetcited by 0
  5. 2024An Approach for Auto Generation of Labeling Functions for Software Engineering Chatbotscited by 0