mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Diagonal Attention and Style-based GAN for Content-Style Disentanglement in Image Generation and Translation

arXiv 2103.16146 ↗First posted 30 Mar 2021cs.CVcited by 35

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Abstract (arXiv)

One of the important research topics in image generative models is to disentangle the spatial contents and styles for their separate control. Although StyleGAN can generate content feature vectors from random noises, the resulting spatial content control is primarily intended for minor spatial variations, and the disentanglement of global content and styles is by no means complete. Inspired by a mathematical understanding of normalization and attention, here we present a novel hierarchical adaptive Diagonal spatial ATtention (DAT) layers to separately manipulate the spatial contents from styles in a hierarchical manner. Using DAT and AdaIN, our method enables coarse-to-fine level disentanglement of spatial contents and styles. In addition, our generator can be easily integrated into the GAN inversion framework so that the content and style of translated images from multi-domain image translation tasks can be flexibly controlled. By using various datasets, we confirm that the proposed method not only outperforms the existing models in disentanglement scores, but also provides more flexible control over spatial features in the generated images.

Key facts. Cited by 35 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 36 of its 46 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Mar 2021.

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36 of 46 references.

References · 36

  1. 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,029
  2. 2018A Style-Based Generator Architecture for Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 5,986
  3. 2017Progressive Growing of GANs for Improved Quality, Stability, and Variationcited by 2,967
  4. 2018Large Scale GAN Training for High Fidelity Natural Image Synthesiscited by 2,609
  5. 2017Arbitrary Style Transfer in Real-time with Adaptive Instance Normalizationcited by 1,998
  6. 2019Semantic Image Synthesis with Spatially-Adaptive Normalizationcited by 1,295
  7. 2019StarGAN v2: Diverse Image Synthesis for Multiple Domainscited by 1,095
  8. 2018Dual Attention Network for Scene Segmentationcited by 1,001
  9. 2016InfoGAN: Interpretable Representation Learning by Information Maximizing Generative Adversarial Netscited by 858
  10. 2018Self-Attention Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 809
  11. 2020Encoding in Style: a StyleGAN Encoder for Image-to-Image Translationcited by 727
  12. 2019Interpreting the Latent Space of GANs for Semantic Face Editingcited by 691
24 more
  1. 2018Which Training Methods for GANs do actually Converge?cited by 672
  2. 2020GANSpace: Discovering Interpretable GAN Controlscited by 612
  3. 2020In-Domain GAN Inversion for Real Image Editingcited by 420
  4. 2016Ladder Variational Autoencoderscited by 315
  5. 2017AttGAN: Facial Attribute Editing by Only Changing What You Wantcited by 241
  6. 2016SCA-CNN: Spatial and Channel-wise Attention in Convolutional Networks for Image Captioningcited by 219
  7. 2020Editing in Style: Uncovering the Local Semantics of GANscited by 183
  8. 2020VSGNet: Spatial Attention Network for Detecting Human Object Interactions Using Graph Convolutionscited by 115
  9. 2019Diversity-Sensitive Conditional Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 77
  10. 2018A Unified Feature Disentangler for Multi-Domain Image Translation and Manipulationcited by 60
  11. 2018Unsupervised Attention-guided Image to Image Translationcited by 58
  12. 2018FineGAN: Unsupervised Hierarchical Disentanglement for Fine-Grained Object Generation and Discoverycited by 58
  13. 2019SPA-GAN: Spatial Attention GAN for Image-to-Image Translationcited by 43
  14. 2020Disentangled Image Generation Through Structured Noise Injectioncited by 39
  15. 2020Progressive Learning and Disentanglement of Hierarchical Representationscited by 30
  16. 2018Style and Content Disentanglement in Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 29
  17. 2017Learning Hierarchical Features from Generative Modelscited by 27
  18. 2019Explicit Disentanglement of Appearance and Perspective in Generative Modelscited by 20
  19. 2017Semantically Decomposing the Latent Spaces of Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 19
  20. 2019InfoGAN-CR and ModelCentrality: Self-supervised Model Training and Selection for Disentangling GANscited by 16
  21. 2020Improving Style-Content Disentanglement in Image-to-Image Translationcited by 4
  22. 2018Generative Adversarial Image Synthesis with Decision Tree Latent Controllercited by 3
  23. 2018Disentangling Disentanglement in Variational Autoencoderscited by 2
  24. 2019Cross Attention Network for Semantic Segmentationcited by 1

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 15; 2023: 7; 2024: 8; 2025: 3.

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  1. 2023StyleDiffusion: Controllable Disentangled Style Transfer via Diffusion Modelscited by 154
  2. 2022Pastiche Master: Exemplar-Based High-Resolution Portrait Style Transfercited by 66
  3. 2022TransEditor: Transformer-Based Dual-Space GAN for Highly Controllable Facial Editingcited by 36
  4. 2022State-of-the-Art in the Architecture, Methods and Applications of StyleGANcited by 34
  5. 2022One-Shot Adaptation of GAN in Just One CLIPcited by 31
  6. 2021StyleFusion: A Generative Model for Disentangling Spatial Segmentscited by 28
  7. 2023CF-Font: Content Fusion for Few-shot Font Generationcited by 26
  8. 2022CoordGAN: Self-Supervised Dense Correspondences Emerge from GANscited by 17
  9. 2022GAN-based Facial Attribute Manipulationcited by 16
  10. 2022Feature-Style Encoder for Style-Based GAN Inversioncited by 15
  11. 2023CLIP-Guided StyleGAN Inversion for Text-Driven Real Image Editingcited by 12
  12. 2021Style Equalization: Unsupervised Learning of Controllable Generative Sequence Modelscited by 11
23 more
  1. 2022Training and Tuning Generative Neural Radiance Fields for Attribute-Conditional 3D-Aware Face Generationcited by 8
  2. 2023Enhanced Controllability of Diffusion Models via Feature Disentanglement and Realism-Enhanced Sampling Methodscited by 7
  3. 2024U Can't Gen This? A Survey of Intellectual Property Protection Methods for Data in Generative AIcited by 7
  4. 2022Retriever: Learning Content-Style Representation as a Token-Level Bipartite Graphcited by 6
  5. 2022Exploring Negatives in Contrastive Learning for Unpaired Image-to-Image Translationcited by 6
  6. 2022GlassesGAN: Eyewear Personalization using Synthetic Appearance Discovery and Targeted Subspace Modelingcited by 5
  7. 2023Householder Projector for Unsupervised Latent Semantics Discoverycited by 5
  8. 2023Restoring Images Captured in Arbitrary Hybrid Adverse Weather Conditions in One Gocited by 4
  9. 2024Semantic Image Synthesis with Unconditional Generatorcited by 3
  10. 2024AV-GAN: Attention-Based Varifocal Generative Adversarial Network for Uneven Medical Image Translationcited by 3
  11. 2022BiOcularGAN: Bimodal Synthesis and Annotation of Ocular Imagescited by 2
  12. 2023Masked Discriminators for Content-Consistent Unpaired Image-to-Image Translationcited by 2
  13. 20243D-SSGAN: Lifting 2D Semantics for 3D-Aware Compositional Portrait Synthesiscited by 2
  14. 2024A Plug-and-Play Method for Guided Multi-contrast MRI Reconstruction based on Content/Style Modelingcited by 2
  15. 2025PRISMA: Improving the Accuracy-Latency Frontier of Diffusion-based PDE Solvers Using Physics-Informed Spectral Attentioncited by 2
  16. 2022S2-Flow: Joint Semantic and Style Editing of Facial Imagescited by 1
  17. 20243D Face Modeling via Weakly-supervised Disentanglement Network joint Identity-consistency Priorcited by 1
  18. 2025SCAdapter: Content-Style Disentanglement for Diffusion Style Transfercited by 1
  19. 2022A Machine Learning Paradigm for Studying Pictorial Realism: Are Constable's Clouds More Real than His Contemporaries?cited by 0
  20. 2022LatentKeypointGAN: Controlling Images via Latent Keypoints -- Extended Abstractcited by 0
  21. 2024DualContrast: Unsupervised Disentangling of Content and Transformations with Implicit Parameterizationcited by 0
  22. 2024Towards More Accurate Fake Detection on Images Generated from Advanced Generative and Neural Rendering Modelscited by 0
  23. 2025Sparsification and Reconstruction from the Perspective of Representation Geometrycited by 0