mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Vectorization and Rasterization: Self-Supervised Learning for Sketch and Handwriting

arXiv 2103.13716 ↗First posted 25 Mar 2021cs.CVcited by 38

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Abstract (arXiv)

Self-supervised learning has gained prominence due to its efficacy at learning powerful representations from unlabelled data that achieve excellent performance on many challenging downstream tasks. However supervision-free pre-text tasks are challenging to design and usually modality specific. Although there is a rich literature of self-supervised methods for either spatial (such as images) or temporal data (sound or text) modalities, a common pre-text task that benefits both modalities is largely missing. In this paper, we are interested in defining a self-supervised pre-text task for sketches and handwriting data. This data is uniquely characterised by its existence in dual modalities of rasterized images and vector coordinate sequences. We address and exploit this dual representation by proposing two novel cross-modal translation pre-text tasks for self-supervised feature learning: Vectorization and Rasterization. Vectorization learns to map image space to vector coordinates and rasterization maps vector coordinates to image space. We show that the our learned encoder modules benefit both raster-based and vector-based downstream approaches to analysing hand-drawn data. Empirical evidence shows that our novel pre-text tasks surpass existing single and multi-modal self-supervision methods.

Key facts. Cited by 38 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 43 of its 68 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 25 Mar 2021.

Builds on

43 of 68 references.

References · 43

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  2. 2016Unsupervised Learning of Visual Representations by Solving Jigsaw Puzzlescited by 1,382
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  15. 2019SCOPS: Self-Supervised Co-Part Segmentationcited by 100
  16. 2019Self-Supervised Learning of 3D Human Pose using Multi-view Geometrycited by 98
  17. 2019Doodle to Search: Practical Zero-Shot Sketch-based Image Retrievalcited by 79
  18. 2020Sketchformer: Transformer-based Representation for Sketched Structurecited by 78
  19. 2020Sketch Less for More: On-the-Fly Fine-Grained Sketch Based Image Retrievalcited by 59
  20. 2019Semantically Tied Paired Cycle Consistency for Zero-Shot Sketch-based Image Retrievalcited by 57
  21. 2018Learning to Sketch with Shortcut Cycle Consistencycited by 47
  22. 2016Joint Line Segmentation and Transcription for End-to-End Handwritten Paragraph Recognitioncited by 46
  23. 2020Sketch-BERT: Learning Sketch Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformers by Self-supervised Learning of Sketch Gestaltcited by 42
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  26. 2018SketchMate: Deep Hashing for Million-Scale Human Sketch Retrievalcited by 35
  27. 2019Multi-Graph Transformer for Free-Hand Sketch Recognitioncited by 35
  28. 2019LiveSketch: Query Perturbations for Guided Sketch-based Visual Searchcited by 34
  29. 2018Handwriting Recognition in Low-resource Scripts using Adversarial Learningcited by 32
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  31. 2019Fast Multi-language LSTM-based Online Handwriting Recognitioncited by 22

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 13; 2023: 9; 2024: 7; 2025: 5; 2026: 1.

38 papers.

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  1. 2021StyleMeUp: Towards Style-Agnostic Sketch-Based Image Retrievalcited by 50
  2. 2022FS-COCO: Towards Understanding of Freehand Sketches of Common Objects in Contextcited by 49
  3. 2022Sketch3T: Test-Time Training for Zero-Shot SBIRcited by 34
  4. 2023Picture that Sketch: Photorealistic Image Generation from Abstract Sketchescited by 34
  5. 2022SceneTrilogy: On Human Scene-Sketch and its Complementarity with Photo and Textcited by 30
  6. 2022Sketching without Worrying: Noise-Tolerant Sketch-Based Image Retrievalcited by 27
  7. 2021Adversarial Open Domain Adaptation for Sketch-to-Photo Synthesiscited by 24
  8. 2022Doodle It Yourself: Class Incremental Learning by Drawing a Few Sketchescited by 23
  9. 2022Partially Does It: Towards Scene-Level FG-SBIR with Partial Inputcited by 20
  10. 2023What Can Human Sketches Do for Object Detection?cited by 19
  11. 2023Sketch2Saliency: Learning to Detect Salient Objects from Human Drawingscited by 17
  12. 2022Text-DIAE: A Self-Supervised Degradation Invariant Autoencoders for Text Recognition and Document Enhancementcited by 16
26 more
  1. 2022Adaptive Fine-Grained Sketch-Based Image Retrievalcited by 15
  2. 2023Exploiting Unlabelled Photos for Stronger Fine-Grained SBIRcited by 14
  3. 2024SketchINR: A First Look into Sketches as Implicit Neural Representationscited by 13
  4. 2024How to Handle Sketch-Abstraction in Sketch-Based Image Retrieval?cited by 10
  5. 2022SURDS: Self-Supervised Attention-guided Reconstruction and Dual Triplet Loss for Writer Independent Offline Signature Verificationcited by 8
  6. 2023Data-Free Sketch-Based Image Retrievalcited by 7
  7. 2022Self-Supervision, Remote Sensing and Abstraction: Representation Learning Across 3 Million Locationscited by 6
  8. 2022Self-Supervised Vision Transformers for Malware Detectioncited by 6
  9. 2025Composite Sketch+Text Queries for Retrieving Objects with Elusive Names and Complex Interactionscited by 5
  10. 2022Cross-Modal Fusion Distillation for Fine-Grained Sketch-Based Image Retrievalcited by 4
  11. 2025BG-Triangle: B'ezier Gaussian Triangle for 3D Vectorization and Renderingcited by 4
  12. 2025SketchFusion: Learning Universal Sketch Features through Fusing Foundation Modelscited by 4
  13. 2023Sketch Beautification: Learning Part Beautification and Structure Refinement for Sketches of Man-made Objectscited by 2
  14. 2023Self-Supervised Representation Learning for Online Handwriting Text Classificationcited by 2
  15. 2024InkSight: Offline-to-Online Handwriting Conversion by Teaching Vision-Language Models to Read and Writecited by 2
  16. 2024Do Generalised Classifiers really work on Human Drawn Sketches?cited by 2
  17. 2024AirSketch: Generative Motion to Sketchcited by 2
  18. 2025Sketch Down the FLOPs: Towards Efficient Networks for Human Sketchcited by 2
  19. 2021Exploring the Diversity and Invariance in Yourself for Visual Pre-Training Taskcited by 1
  20. 2024Decorrelation-based Self-Supervised Visual Representation Learning for Writer Identificationcited by 1
  21. 2025On the Temporality for Sketch Representation Learningcited by 1
  22. 2022Character Generation through Self-Supervised Vectorizationcited by 0
  23. 2023EnSiam: Self-Supervised Learning With Ensemble Representationscited by 0
  24. 2023Flow-Guided Controllable Line Drawing Generationcited by 0
  25. 2024A Paradigm Shift in Mouza Map Vectorization: A Human-Machine Collaboration Approachcited by 0
  26. 2026ScribeTokens: Fixed-Vocabulary Tokenization of Digital Inkcited by 0