Multi-Graph Transformer for Free-Hand Sketch Recognition
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Abstract (arXiv)
Learning meaningful representations of free-hand sketches remains a challenging task given the signal sparsity and the high-level abstraction of sketches. Existing techniques have focused on exploiting either the static nature of sketches with Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) or the temporal sequential property with Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs). In this work, we propose a new representation of sketches as multiple sparsely connected graphs. We design a novel Graph Neural Network (GNN), the Multi-Graph Transformer (MGT), for learning representations of sketches from multiple graphs which simultaneously capture global and local geometric stroke structures, as well as temporal information. We report extensive numerical experiments on a sketch recognition task to demonstrate the performance of the proposed approach. Particularly, MGT applied on 414k sketches from Google QuickDraw: (i) achieves small recognition gap to the CNN-based performance upper bound (72.80% vs. 74.22%), and (ii) outperforms all RNN-based models by a significant margin. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work proposing to represent sketches as graphs and apply GNNs for sketch recognition. Code and trained models are available at https://github.com/PengBoXiangShang/multigraph_transformer.
Key facts. Cited by 35 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 24 Dec 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 7; 2022: 12; 2023: 6; 2024: 4; 2025: 4; 2026: 2.
35 papers.
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- 2022Multimodal Learning with Transformers: A Surveycited by 400
- 2021Vectorization and Rasterization: Self-Supervised Learning for Sketch and Handwritingcited by 38
- 2022How to Understand Masked Autoencoderscited by 38
- 2022Sketching without Worrying: Noise-Tolerant Sketch-Based Image Retrievalcited by 27
- 2021SketchLattice: Latticed Representation for Sketch Manipulationcited by 19
- 2022AutoLink: Self-supervised Learning of Human Skeletons and Object Outlines by Linking Keypointscited by 17
- 2022Abstracting Sketches through Simple Primitivescited by 14
- 2021Full Transformer Framework for Robust Point Cloud Registration with Deep Information Interactioncited by 7
- 2025Deep Learning in Concealed Dense Predictioncited by 6
- 2021Road Network Guided Fine-Grained Urban Traffic Flow Inferencecited by 4
- 2022Edge Augmentation for Large-Scale Sketch Recognition without Sketchescited by 4
- 2022Linking Sketch Patches by Learning Synonymous Proximity for Graphic Sketch Representationcited by 4
23 more
- 2023VariGrad: A Novel Feature Vector Architecture for Geometric Deep Learning on Unregistered Datacited by 4
- 2023MeT: A Graph Transformer for Semantic Segmentation of 3D Meshescited by 3
- 2021An Unsupervised Sampling Approach for Image-Sentence Matching Using Document-Level Structural Informationcited by 2
- 2023Sketch Input Method Editor: A Comprehensive Dataset and Methodology for Systematic Input Recognitioncited by 2
- 2024Equipping Sketch Patches with Context-Aware Positional Encoding for Graphic Sketch Representationcited by 2
- 2024Do Generalised Classifiers really work on Human Drawn Sketches?cited by 2
- 2024Class-Agnostic Visio-Temporal Scene Sketch Semantic Segmentationcited by 2
- 2025Sketch Down the FLOPs: Towards Efficient Networks for Human Sketchcited by 2
- 2021InfoBehavior: Self-supervised Representation Learning for Ultra-long Behavior Sequence via Hierarchical Groupingcited by 1
- 2021Font Completion and Manipulation by Cycling Between Multi-Modality Representationscited by 1
- 2022Leveraging Unlabeled Data for Sketch-based Understandingcited by 1
- 2022Towards Practicality of Sketch-Based Visual Understandingcited by 1
- 2023SigFormer: Sparse Signal-Guided Transformer for Multi-Modal Human Action Segmentationcited by 1
- 2023Enhance Sketch Recognition's Explainability via Semantic Component-Level Parsingcited by 1
- 2026Billions of Sketches Reveal Hidden Cultural Variation in Human Conceptscited by 1
- 2022SSR-GNNs: Stroke-based Sketch Representation with Graph Neural Networkscited by 0
- 2022TransFA: Transformer-based Representation for Face Attribute Evaluationcited by 0
- 2022Multimodal Query-guided Object Localizationcited by 0
- 2023LogoNet: a fine-grained network for instance-level logo sketch retrievalcited by 0
- 2024Zero-shot sketch-based remote sensing image retrieval based on multi-level and attention-guided tokenizationcited by 0
- 2025ViSketch-GPT: Collaborative Multi-Scale Feature Extraction for Sketch Recognition and Generationcited by 0
- 2025Online Handwritten Signature Verification Based on Temporal-Spatial Graph Attention Transformercited by 0
- 2026SketchGraphNet: A Memory-Efficient Hybrid Graph Transformer for Large-Scale Sketch Corpora Recognitioncited by 0
- 2026Billions of Sketches Reveal Hidden Cultural Variation in Human Concepts8 Jul 2026
- 2026SketchGraphNet: A Memory-Efficient Hybrid Graph Transformer for Large-Scale Sketch Corpora Recognition8 Mar 2026
- 2025Online Handwritten Signature Verification Based on Temporal-Spatial Graph Attention Transformer22 Oct 2025
- 2025Sketch Down the FLOPs: Towards Efficient Networks for Human Sketch29 May 2025
- 2025Deep Learning in Concealed Dense Prediction15 Apr 2025
- 2025ViSketch-GPT: Collaborative Multi-Scale Feature Extraction for Sketch Recognition and Generation28 Mar 2025
- 2024Class-Agnostic Visio-Temporal Scene Sketch Semantic Segmentation30 Sep 2024
- 2024Do Generalised Classifiers really work on Human Drawn Sketches?4 Jul 2024
- 2024Equipping Sketch Patches with Context-Aware Positional Encoding for Graphic Sketch Representation26 Mar 2024
- 2024Zero-shot sketch-based remote sensing image retrieval based on multi-level and attention-guided tokenization3 Feb 2024
- 2023Enhance Sketch Recognition's Explainability via Semantic Component-Level Parsing13 Dec 2023
- 2023Sketch Input Method Editor: A Comprehensive Dataset and Methodology for Systematic Input Recognition30 Nov 2023
23 more
- 2023SigFormer: Sparse Signal-Guided Transformer for Multi-Modal Human Action Segmentation29 Nov 2023
- 2023VariGrad: A Novel Feature Vector Architecture for Geometric Deep Learning on Unregistered Data7 Jul 2023
- 2023MeT: A Graph Transformer for Semantic Segmentation of 3D Meshes3 Jul 2023
- 2023LogoNet: a fine-grained network for instance-level logo sketch retrieval5 Apr 2023
- 2022Multimodal Query-guided Object Localization1 Dec 2022
- 2022Linking Sketch Patches by Learning Synonymous Proximity for Graphic Sketch Representation30 Nov 2022
- 2022Towards Practicality of Sketch-Based Visual Understanding27 Oct 2022
- 2022Abstracting Sketches through Simple Primitives27 Jul 2022
- 2022TransFA: Transformer-based Representation for Face Attribute Evaluation12 Jul 2022
- 2022Multimodal Learning with Transformers: A Survey13 Jun 2022
- 2022AutoLink: Self-supervised Learning of Human Skeletons and Object Outlines by Linking Keypoints21 May 2022
- 2022SSR-GNNs: Stroke-based Sketch Representation with Graph Neural Networks27 Apr 2022
- 2022Leveraging Unlabeled Data for Sketch-based Understanding26 Apr 2022
- 2022Sketching without Worrying: Noise-Tolerant Sketch-Based Image Retrieval28 Mar 2022
- 2022Edge Augmentation for Large-Scale Sketch Recognition without Sketches26 Feb 2022
- 2022How to Understand Masked Autoencoders8 Feb 2022
- 2021Full Transformer Framework for Robust Point Cloud Registration with Deep Information Interaction17 Dec 2021
- 2021Road Network Guided Fine-Grained Urban Traffic Flow Inference29 Sep 2021
- 2021Font Completion and Manipulation by Cycling Between Multi-Modality Representations30 Aug 2021
- 2021SketchLattice: Latticed Representation for Sketch Manipulation26 Aug 2021
- 2021InfoBehavior: Self-supervised Representation Learning for Ultra-long Behavior Sequence via Hierarchical Grouping13 Jun 2021
- 2021Vectorization and Rasterization: Self-Supervised Learning for Sketch and Handwriting25 Mar 2021
- 2021An Unsupervised Sampling Approach for Image-Sentence Matching Using Document-Level Structural Information21 Mar 2021
- 2022Multimodal Learning with Transformers: A Surveycited by 400
- 2021Vectorization and Rasterization: Self-Supervised Learning for Sketch and Handwritingcited by 38
- 2022How to Understand Masked Autoencoderscited by 38
- 2022Sketching without Worrying: Noise-Tolerant Sketch-Based Image Retrievalcited by 27
- 2021SketchLattice: Latticed Representation for Sketch Manipulationcited by 19
- 2022AutoLink: Self-supervised Learning of Human Skeletons and Object Outlines by Linking Keypointscited by 17
- 2022Abstracting Sketches through Simple Primitivescited by 14
- 2021Full Transformer Framework for Robust Point Cloud Registration with Deep Information Interactioncited by 7
- 2025Deep Learning in Concealed Dense Predictioncited by 6
- 2021Road Network Guided Fine-Grained Urban Traffic Flow Inferencecited by 4
- 2022Edge Augmentation for Large-Scale Sketch Recognition without Sketchescited by 4
- 2022Linking Sketch Patches by Learning Synonymous Proximity for Graphic Sketch Representationcited by 4
12 most cited of 35 All 35 (JSON)
- 2026Billions of Sketches Reveal Hidden Cultural Variation in Human Concepts8 Jul 2026
- 2026SketchGraphNet: A Memory-Efficient Hybrid Graph Transformer for Large-Scale Sketch Corpora Recognition8 Mar 2026
- 2025Online Handwritten Signature Verification Based on Temporal-Spatial Graph Attention Transformer22 Oct 2025
- 2025Sketch Down the FLOPs: Towards Efficient Networks for Human Sketch29 May 2025
- 2025Deep Learning in Concealed Dense Prediction15 Apr 2025
- 2025ViSketch-GPT: Collaborative Multi-Scale Feature Extraction for Sketch Recognition and Generation28 Mar 2025
- 2024Class-Agnostic Visio-Temporal Scene Sketch Semantic Segmentation30 Sep 2024
- 2024Do Generalised Classifiers really work on Human Drawn Sketches?4 Jul 2024
- 2024Equipping Sketch Patches with Context-Aware Positional Encoding for Graphic Sketch Representation26 Mar 2024
- 2024Zero-shot sketch-based remote sensing image retrieval based on multi-level and attention-guided tokenization3 Feb 2024
- 2023Enhance Sketch Recognition's Explainability via Semantic Component-Level Parsing13 Dec 2023
- 2023Sketch Input Method Editor: A Comprehensive Dataset and Methodology for Systematic Input Recognition30 Nov 2023
12 newest of 35 All 35 (JSON)