mlsanityData to 13 Oct 2026

Dynamic Slimmable Network

arXiv 2103.13258 ↗First posted 24 Mar 2021cs.CVcited by 83

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Abstract (arXiv)

Current dynamic networks and dynamic pruning methods have shown their promising capability in reducing theoretical computation complexity. However, dynamic sparse patterns on convolutional filters fail to achieve actual acceleration in real-world implementation, due to the extra burden of indexing, weight-copying, or zero-masking. Here, we explore a dynamic network slimming regime, named Dynamic Slimmable Network (DS-Net), which aims to achieve good hardware-efficiency via dynamically adjusting filter numbers of networks at test time with respect to different inputs, while keeping filters stored statically and contiguously in hardware to prevent the extra burden. Our DS-Net is empowered with the ability of dynamic inference by the proposed double-headed dynamic gate that comprises an attention head and a slimming head to predictively adjust network width with negligible extra computation cost. To ensure generality of each candidate architecture and the fairness of gate, we propose a disentangled two-stage training scheme inspired by one-shot NAS. In the first stage, a novel training technique for weight-sharing networks named In-place Ensemble Bootstrapping is proposed to improve the supernet training efficacy. In the second stage, Sandwich Gate Sparsification is proposed to assist the gate training by identifying easy and hard samples in an online way. Extensive experiments demonstrate our DS-Net consistently outperforms its static counterparts as well as state-of-the-art static and dynamic model compression methods by a large margin (up to 5.9%). Typically, DS-Net achieves 2-4x computation reduction and 1.62x real-world acceleration over ResNet-50 and MobileNet with minimal accuracy drops on ImageNet. Code release: https://github.com/changlin31/DS-Net .

Key facts. Cited by 83 papers in the map (data through 13 Oct 2026). Builds on 62 of its 79 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Mar 2021.

Builds on

62 of 79 references.

References · 62

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,950
  2. 2015Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Networkcited by 10,180
  3. 2016Densely Connected Convolutional Networkscited by 6,707
  4. 2019EfficientNet: Rethinking Model Scaling for Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 6,426
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  12. 2018DARTS: Differentiable Architecture Searchcited by 1,789
38 more
  1. 2014FitNets: Hints for Thin Deep Netscited by 1,631
  2. 2017Quantization and Training of Neural Networks for Efficient Integer-Arithmetic-Only Inferencecited by 1,585
  3. 2018Group Normalizationcited by 1,518
  4. 2017Accurate, Large Minibatch SGD: Training ImageNet in 1 Hourcited by 1,488
  5. 2016Pruning Filters for Efficient ConvNetscited by 1,138
  6. 2016Temporal Ensembling for Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 1,055
  7. 2018Deep Clustering for Unsupervised Learning of Visual Featurescited by 1,023
  8. 2019Once-for-All: Train One Network and Specialize it for Efficient Deploymentcited by 783
  9. 2017Channel Pruning for Accelerating Very Deep Neural Networkscited by 701
  10. 2017Learning Efficient Convolutional Networks through Network Slimmingcited by 675
  11. 2018ProxylessNAS: Direct Neural Architecture Search on Target Task and Hardwarecited by 670
  12. 2018Rethinking the Value of Network Pruningcited by 597
  13. 2018Do Better ImageNet Models Transfer Better?cited by 562
  14. 2018FBNet: Hardware-Aware Efficient ConvNet Design via Differentiable Neural Architecture Searchcited by 484
  15. 2013Do Deep Nets Really Need to be Deep?cited by 471
  16. 2017Regularizing Neural Networks by Penalizing Confident Output Distributionscited by 462
  17. 2017ThiNet: A Filter Level Pruning Method for Deep Neural Network Compressioncited by 442
  18. 2019Single Path One-Shot Neural Architecture Search with Uniform Samplingcited by 412
  19. 2021Dynamic Neural Networks: A Surveycited by 406
  20. 2017SkipNet: Learning Dynamic Routing in Convolutional Networkscited by 330
  21. 2018Soft Filter Pruning for Accelerating Deep Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 315
  22. 2018Slimmable Neural Networkscited by 302
  23. 2019CondConv: Conditionally Parameterized Convolutions for Efficient Inferencecited by 273
  24. 2020A Comprehensive Survey of Neural Architecture Search: Challenges and Solutionscited by 253
  25. 2020DynaBERT: Dynamic BERT with Adaptive Width and Depthcited by 247
  26. 2019MetaPruning: Meta Learning for Automatic Neural Network Channel Pruningcited by 227
  27. 2019Universally Slimmable Networks and Improved Training Techniquescited by 219
  28. 2016FractalNet: Ultra-Deep Neural Networks without Residualscited by 216
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  31. 2020Hierarchical Neural Architecture Search for Deep Stereo Matchingcited by 166
  32. 2017Convolutional Networks with Adaptive Inference Graphscited by 147
  33. 2018NetAdapt: Platform-Aware Neural Network Adaptation for Mobile Applicationscited by 146
  34. 2018Dynamic Channel Pruning: Feature Boosting and Suppressioncited by 129
  35. 2020Bootstrap Latent-Predictive Representations for Multitask Reinforcement Learningcited by 101
  36. 2020Glance and Focus: a Dynamic Approach to Reducing Spatial Redundancy in Image Classificationcited by 99
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  38. 2018Channel Gating Neural Networkscited by 80

50 most cited of 62 All 62 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 13 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 12; 2022: 17; 2023: 27; 2024: 13; 2025: 12; 2026: 2.

83 papers.

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  2. 2021iDARTS: Differentiable Architecture Search with Stochastic Implicit Gradientscited by 51
  3. 2024Flextron: Many-in-One Flexible Large Language Modelcited by 42
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  5. 2022CHEX: CHannel EXploration for CNN Model Compressioncited by 36
  6. 2021FedHM: Efficient Federated Learning for Heterogeneous Models via Low-rank Factorizationcited by 31
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  1. 2022Controllable Dynamic Multi-Task Architecturescited by 21
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  4. 2023DynamicDet: A Unified Dynamic Architecture for Object Detectioncited by 15
  5. 2023Dynamic Path-Controllable Deep Unfolding Network for Compressive Sensingcited by 15
  6. 2023SlimmeRF: Slimmable Radiance Fieldscited by 15
  7. 2021Pi-NAS: Improving Neural Architecture Search by Reducing Supernet Training Consistency Shiftcited by 14
  8. 2023Computation-efficient Deep Learning for Computer Vision: A Surveycited by 14
  9. 2025FlexGaussian: Flexible and Cost-Effective Training-Free Compression for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 11
  10. 2021DISTREAL: Distributed Resource-Aware Learning in Heterogeneous Systemscited by 10
  11. 2023I3D: Transformer architectures with input-dependent dynamic depth for speech recognitioncited by 10
  12. 2023FAQ: Feature Aggregated Queries for Transformer-based Video Object Detectorscited by 10
  13. 2021Dynamic Slimmable Denoising Networkcited by 9
  14. 2023GradMDM: Adversarial Attack on Dynamic Networkscited by 8
  15. 2026Elastic Diffusion Transformercited by 8
  16. 2023Efficient Controllable Multi-Task Architecturescited by 7
  17. 2021DS-Net++: Dynamic Weight Slicing for Efficient Inference in CNNs and Transformerscited by 6
  18. 2022SlimFL: Federated Learning with Superposition Coding over Slimmable Neural Networkscited by 6
  19. 2022Dynamic Proposals for Efficient Object Detectioncited by 6
  20. 2023Learning Dynamic Query Combinations for Transformer-based Object Detection and Segmentationcited by 6
  21. 2023Adaptive Computation Modules: Granular Conditional Computation For Efficient Inferencecited by 6
  22. 2021Collaboration of Experts: Achieving 80% Top-1 Accuracy on ImageNet with 100M FLOPscited by 5
  23. 2021BaLeNAS: Differentiable Architecture Search via the Bayesian Learning Rulecited by 5
  24. 2025Fast and Accurate Gigapixel Pathological Image Classification with Hierarchical Distillation Multi-Instance Learningcited by 5
  25. 2025EA-ViT: Efficient Adaptation for Elastic Vision Transformercited by 5
  26. 2025Deep Hierarchical Learning with Nested Subspace Networks for Large Language Modelscited by 5
  27. 2021Heterogeneous Federated Learning using Dynamic Model Pruning and Adaptive Gradientcited by 4
  28. 2022Exploring Structural Sparsity in Neural Image Compressioncited by 4
  29. 2022SlimSeg: Slimmable Semantic Segmentation with Boundary Supervisioncited by 4
  30. 2022Slimmable Networks for Contrastive Self-supervised Learningcited by 4
  31. 2023Three Guidelines You Should Know for Universally Slimmable Self-Supervised Learningcited by 4
  32. 2023Progressive Channel-Shrinking Networkcited by 4
  33. 2023Revisiting the Trade-off between Accuracy and Robustness via Weight Distribution of Filterscited by 4
  34. 2023MathNAS: If Blocks Have a Role in Mathematical Architecture Designcited by 4
  35. 2024REPrune: Channel Pruning via Kernel Representative Selectioncited by 4
  36. 2024SoD2: Statically Optimizing Dynamic Deep Neural Networkcited by 4
  37. 2024DNA Family: Boosting Weight-Sharing NAS with Block-Wise Supervisionscited by 4
  38. 2024Efficient Training of Large Vision Models via Advanced Automated Progressive Learningcited by 4

50 most cited of 83 All 83 (JSON)