Lawyers are Dishonest? Quantifying Representational Harms in Commonsense Knowledge Resources
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Abstract (arXiv)
Warning: this paper contains content that may be offensive or upsetting. Numerous natural language processing models have tried injecting commonsense by using the ConceptNet knowledge base to improve performance on different tasks. ConceptNet, however, is mostly crowdsourced from humans and may reflect human biases such as "lawyers are dishonest." It is important that these biases are not conflated with the notion of commonsense. We study this missing yet important problem by first defining and quantifying biases in ConceptNet as two types of representational harms: overgeneralization of polarized perceptions and representation disparity. We find that ConceptNet contains severe biases and disparities across four demographic categories. In addition, we analyze two downstream models that use ConceptNet as a source for commonsense knowledge and find the existence of biases in those models as well. We further propose a filtered-based bias-mitigation approach and examine its effectiveness. We show that our mitigation approach can reduce the issues in both resource and models but leads to a performance drop, leaving room for future work to build fairer and stronger commonsense models.
Key facts. Cited by 30 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 28 of its 54 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 21 Mar 2021.
Builds on
28 of 54 references.
References · 28
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
- 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
- 2019Language Models as Knowledge Bases?cited by 1,922
- 2019A Survey on Bias and Fairness in Machine Learningcited by 1,911
- 2018CommonsenseQA: A Question Answering Challenge Targeting Commonsense Knowledgecited by 1,793
- 2016Man is to Computer Programmer as Woman is to Homemaker? Debiasing Word Embeddingscited by 1,304
- 2016ConceptNet 5.5: An Open Multilingual Graph of General Knowledgecited by 1,065
- 2020Language (Technology) is Power: A Critical Survey of "Bias" in NLPcited by 951
- 2020StereoSet: Measuring stereotypical bias in pretrained language modelscited by 911
- 2018Gender Bias in Coreference Resolution: Evaluation and Debiasing Methodscited by 657
- 2019The Woman Worked as a Babysitter: On Biases in Language Generationcited by 540
- 2021BOLD: Dataset and Metrics for Measuring Biases in Open-Ended Language Generationcited by 410
16 more
- 2019Explain Yourself! Leveraging Language Models for Commonsense Reasoningcited by 367
- 2019Mitigating Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing: Literature Reviewcited by 287
- 2019KagNet: Knowledge-Aware Graph Networks for Commonsense Reasoningcited by 216
- 2018Learning Gender-Neutral Word Embeddingscited by 169
- 2020Unsupervised Commonsense Question Answering with Self-Talkcited by 161
- 2020UnQovering Stereotyping Biases via Underspecified Questionscited by 124
- 2020A Knowledge-Enhanced Pretraining Model for Commonsense Story Generationcited by 116
- 2020Towards Controllable Biases in Language Generationcited by 112
- 2019Equalizing Gender Biases in Neural Machine Translation with Word Embeddings Techniquescited by 65
- 2016Empath: Understanding Topic Signals in Large-Scale Textcited by 51
- 2020GenericsKB: A Knowledge Base of Generic Statementscited by 51
- 2020Connecting the Dots: A Knowledgeable Path Generator for Commonsense Question Answeringcited by 44
- 2019Examining Gender Bias in Languages with Grammatical Gendercited by 40
- 2020R3: Reverse, Retrieve, and Rank for Sarcasm Generation with Commonsense Knowledgecited by 32
- 2019Man is to Person as Woman is to Location: Measuring Gender Bias in Named Entity Recognitioncited by 28
- 2020RICA: Evaluating Robust Inference Capabilities Based on Commonsense Axiomscited by 28
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 12; 2023: 8; 2024: 3; 2025: 1.
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- 2022GreaseLM: Graph REASoning Enhanced Language Models for Question Answeringcited by 170
- 2022Deep Bidirectional Language-Knowledge Graph Pretrainingcited by 156
- 2021On Measures of Biases and Harms in NLPcited by 81
- 2023FactKB: Generalizable Factuality Evaluation using Language Models Enhanced with Factual Knowledgecited by 55
- 2022Perturbation Augmentation for Fairer NLPcited by 51
- 2023Graph Reasoning for Question Answering with Triplet Retrievalcited by 34
- 2021Commonsense-Focused Dialogues for Response Generation: An Empirical Studycited by 30
- 2021Think Before You Speak: Explicitly Generating Implicit Commonsense Knowledge for Response Generationcited by 26
- 2021Refined Commonsense Knowledge from Large-Scale Web Contentscited by 19
- 2024Ask LLMs Directly, "What shapes your bias?": Measuring Social Bias in Large Language Modelscited by 14
- 2021Probing Commonsense Explanation in Dialogue Response Generationcited by 13
- 2023GD-COMET: A Geo-Diverse Commonsense Inference Modelcited by 13
18 more
- 2025MetaMind: Modeling Human Social Thoughts with Metacognitive Multi-Agent Systemscited by 12
- 2021PaCo: Preconditions Attributed to Commonsense Knowledgecited by 9
- 2022Great Truths are Always Simple: A Rather Simple Knowledge Encoder for Enhancing the Commonsense Reasoning Capacity of Pre-Trained Modelscited by 9
- 2022KALM: Knowledge-Aware Integration of Local, Document, and Global Contexts for Long Document Understandingcited by 9
- 2022Towards Multi-Objective Statistically Fair Federated Learningcited by 8
- 2022Target-Guided Dialogue Response Generation Using Commonsense and Data Augmentationcited by 8
- 2022Dense-ATOMIC: Towards Densely-connected ATOMIC with High Knowledge Coverage and Massive Multi-hop Pathscited by 6
- 2023Similarity-weighted Construction of Contextualized Commonsense Knowledge Graphs for Knowledge-intense Argumentation Taskscited by 6
- 2023"Im not Racist but...": Discovering Bias in the Internal Knowledge of Large Language Modelscited by 5
- 2022PInKS: Preconditioned Commonsense Inference with Minimal Supervisioncited by 4
- 2022The Lifecycle of "Facts": A Survey of Social Bias in Knowledge Graphscited by 4
- 2022The State of Profanity Obfuscation in Natural Language Processingcited by 4
- 2024Concept-Reversed Winograd Schema Challenge: Evaluating and Improving Robust Reasoning in Large Language Models via Abstractioncited by 4
- 2022Do Children Texts Hold The Key To Commonsense Knowledge?cited by 1
- 2023On Degrees of Freedom in Defining and Testing Natural Language Understandingcited by 1
- 2023Preconditioned Visual Language Inference with Weak Supervisioncited by 0
- 2023CASE: Commonsense-Augmented Score with an Expanded Answer Spacecited by 0
- 2024Improving Commonsense Bias Classification by Mitigating the Influence of Demographic Termscited by 0
- 2025MetaMind: Modeling Human Social Thoughts with Metacognitive Multi-Agent Systems25 May 2025
- 2024Concept-Reversed Winograd Schema Challenge: Evaluating and Improving Robust Reasoning in Large Language Models via Abstraction15 Oct 2024
- 2024Improving Commonsense Bias Classification by Mitigating the Influence of Demographic Terms11 Jun 2024
- 2024Ask LLMs Directly, "What shapes your bias?": Measuring Social Bias in Large Language Models6 Jun 2024
- 2023CASE: Commonsense-Augmented Score with an Expanded Answer Space3 Nov 2023
- 2023GD-COMET: A Geo-Diverse Commonsense Inference Model23 Oct 2023
- 2023"Im not Racist but...": Discovering Bias in the Internal Knowledge of Large Language Models13 Oct 2023
- 2023Graph Reasoning for Question Answering with Triplet Retrieval30 May 2023
- 2023On Degrees of Freedom in Defining and Testing Natural Language Understanding24 May 2023
- 2023Preconditioned Visual Language Inference with Weak Supervision22 May 2023
- 2023Similarity-weighted Construction of Contextualized Commonsense Knowledge Graphs for Knowledge-intense Argumentation Tasks15 May 2023
- 2023FactKB: Generalizable Factuality Evaluation using Language Models Enhanced with Factual Knowledge14 May 2023
18 more
- 2022Deep Bidirectional Language-Knowledge Graph Pretraining17 Oct 2022
- 2022Dense-ATOMIC: Towards Densely-connected ATOMIC with High Knowledge Coverage and Massive Multi-hop Paths14 Oct 2022
- 2022The State of Profanity Obfuscation in Natural Language Processing14 Oct 2022
- 2022Do Children Texts Hold The Key To Commonsense Knowledge?10 Oct 2022
- 2022KALM: Knowledge-Aware Integration of Local, Document, and Global Contexts for Long Document Understanding8 Oct 2022
- 2022The Lifecycle of "Facts": A Survey of Social Bias in Knowledge Graphs7 Oct 2022
- 2022PInKS: Preconditioned Commonsense Inference with Minimal Supervision16 Jun 2022
- 2022Perturbation Augmentation for Fairer NLP25 May 2022
- 2022Target-Guided Dialogue Response Generation Using Commonsense and Data Augmentation19 May 2022
- 2022Great Truths are Always Simple: A Rather Simple Knowledge Encoder for Enhancing the Commonsense Reasoning Capacity of Pre-Trained Models4 May 2022
- 2022Towards Multi-Objective Statistically Fair Federated Learning24 Jan 2022
- 2022GreaseLM: Graph REASoning Enhanced Language Models for Question Answering21 Jan 2022
- 2021Refined Commonsense Knowledge from Large-Scale Web Contents30 Nov 2021
- 2021Think Before You Speak: Explicitly Generating Implicit Commonsense Knowledge for Response Generation16 Oct 2021
- 2021Commonsense-Focused Dialogues for Response Generation: An Empirical Study14 Sep 2021
- 2021On Measures of Biases and Harms in NLP7 Aug 2021
- 2021Probing Commonsense Explanation in Dialogue Response Generation19 Apr 2021
- 2021PaCo: Preconditions Attributed to Commonsense Knowledge18 Apr 2021
- 2022GreaseLM: Graph REASoning Enhanced Language Models for Question Answeringcited by 170
- 2023Graph Reasoning for Question Answering with Triplet Retrievalcited by 34
- 2025MetaMind: Modeling Human Social Thoughts with Metacognitive Multi-Agent Systemscited by 12
- 2022Great Truths are Always Simple: A Rather Simple Knowledge Encoder for Enhancing the Commonsense Reasoning Capacity of Pre-Trained Modelscited by 9
- 2024Concept-Reversed Winograd Schema Challenge: Evaluating and Improving Robust Reasoning in Large Language Models via Abstractioncited by 4
- 2025MetaMind: Modeling Human Social Thoughts with Metacognitive Multi-Agent Systems25 May 2025
- 2024Concept-Reversed Winograd Schema Challenge: Evaluating and Improving Robust Reasoning in Large Language Models via Abstraction15 Oct 2024
- 2023Graph Reasoning for Question Answering with Triplet Retrieval30 May 2023
- 2022Great Truths are Always Simple: A Rather Simple Knowledge Encoder for Enhancing the Commonsense Reasoning Capacity of Pre-Trained Models4 May 2022
- 2022GreaseLM: Graph REASoning Enhanced Language Models for Question Answering21 Jan 2022
- 2022Deep Bidirectional Language-Knowledge Graph Pretrainingcited by 156
- 2021On Measures of Biases and Harms in NLPcited by 81
- 2023FactKB: Generalizable Factuality Evaluation using Language Models Enhanced with Factual Knowledgecited by 55
- 2022Perturbation Augmentation for Fairer NLPcited by 51
- 2021Commonsense-Focused Dialogues for Response Generation: An Empirical Studycited by 30
- 2021Think Before You Speak: Explicitly Generating Implicit Commonsense Knowledge for Response Generationcited by 26
- 2021Refined Commonsense Knowledge from Large-Scale Web Contentscited by 19
- 2024Ask LLMs Directly, "What shapes your bias?": Measuring Social Bias in Large Language Modelscited by 14
- 2021Probing Commonsense Explanation in Dialogue Response Generationcited by 13
- 2023GD-COMET: A Geo-Diverse Commonsense Inference Modelcited by 13
- 2021PaCo: Preconditions Attributed to Commonsense Knowledgecited by 9
- 2022KALM: Knowledge-Aware Integration of Local, Document, and Global Contexts for Long Document Understandingcited by 9
12 most cited of 25 All 25 (JSON)
- 2024Improving Commonsense Bias Classification by Mitigating the Influence of Demographic Terms11 Jun 2024
- 2024Ask LLMs Directly, "What shapes your bias?": Measuring Social Bias in Large Language Models6 Jun 2024
- 2023CASE: Commonsense-Augmented Score with an Expanded Answer Space3 Nov 2023
- 2023GD-COMET: A Geo-Diverse Commonsense Inference Model23 Oct 2023
- 2023"Im not Racist but...": Discovering Bias in the Internal Knowledge of Large Language Models13 Oct 2023
- 2023On Degrees of Freedom in Defining and Testing Natural Language Understanding24 May 2023
- 2023Preconditioned Visual Language Inference with Weak Supervision22 May 2023
- 2023Similarity-weighted Construction of Contextualized Commonsense Knowledge Graphs for Knowledge-intense Argumentation Tasks15 May 2023
- 2023FactKB: Generalizable Factuality Evaluation using Language Models Enhanced with Factual Knowledge14 May 2023
- 2022Deep Bidirectional Language-Knowledge Graph Pretraining17 Oct 2022
- 2022Dense-ATOMIC: Towards Densely-connected ATOMIC with High Knowledge Coverage and Massive Multi-hop Paths14 Oct 2022
- 2022The State of Profanity Obfuscation in Natural Language Processing14 Oct 2022
12 newest of 25 All 25 (JSON)